- Nobel Prize winners by year
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▪ TableNobel Prize winners by year1901–101941–501981–90 1911–201951–601991–20001921–301961–702001–08 1931–401971–801901–10year category name country* achievement literary area1901chemistryHenricus van 't (Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van 't) The Netherlands laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressurephysiology/1902physics Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon The Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiationphysiology/1903physiology/1904chemistry Ramsay, Sir William U.K. discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system1873)physics Rayleigh (of Terling Place), John William Strutt, 3rd Baron (Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron) U.K. discovery of argonphysiology/1905Hungaryphysiology/1906physiology/physiology/1907physiology/1908chemistry Rutherford, Ernest (Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge) U.K. investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substancesphysiology/physiology/1909chemistry Ostwald, Wilhelm Germany pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction velocitiespeace Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d' Francephysiology/1910Netherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquidsphysiology/1911–20year category name country* achievement literary area1911Hungaryphysiology/1912organic compoundsphysics Dalén, Nils Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoysphysiology/1913physics Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike The Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid heliumphysiology/1914chemistry Richards, Theodore William U.S. accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elementsX-rays by crystalsphysiology/Hungary work on vestibular apparatus191519161917X-radiation of elements19181919physics Stark, Johannes Germany discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric fieldphysiology/1920physiology/1921–30year category name country* achievement literary area1921chemistry Soddy, Frederick U.K. chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence and nature of isotopes1922physiology/physiology/1923physics Millikan, Robert Andrews U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effectphysiology/physiology/1924physiology/1925physics Franck, James Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atomphysics Hertz, Gustav Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom1926physiology/1927physiology/1928physiology/1929chemistry Euler-Chelpin, Hans von Sweden investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involvedchemistry Harden, Sir Arthur U.K. investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involvedphysics duc (duke) de (Broglie, Louis-Victor, 7e duc de) France discovery of the wave nature of electronsphysiology/physiology/1930physiology/1931–40year category name country* achievement literary area1931physiology/1932physiology/medicine Adrian (of Cambridge), Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron (Adrian, Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron) U.K. discoveries regarding function of neuronsphysiology/1933in quantum mechanicsphysiology/1934physiology/treatment for anemiaphysiology/physiology/treatment for anemia1935physiology/1936chemistry Debye, Peter The Netherlands work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gasesphysiology/of nerve impulsesphysiology/1937flavins, and vitaminspeace Cecil (of Chelwood), Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount (Cecil, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount) U.K.physics Davisson, Clinton Joseph U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electronsphysics Thomson, Sir George Paget U.K. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electronsphysiology/1938physics Fermi, Enrico Italy disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiationphysiology/medicine Heymans, Corneille Belgium discovery of role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation1939chemistry Ruzicka, Leopold (Ružička, Leopold) Switzerland work on polymethylenes and higher terpenesphysiology/1941–50year category name country* achievement literary area1943physiology/medicine Dam, Henrik Denmark discovery of vitamin Kphysiology/medicine Doisy, Edward Adelbert U.S. discovery of chemical nature of vitamin K1944chemistry Hahn, Otto Germany discovery of the fission of heavy nucleiliterature Jensen, Johannes V. Denmark novelistpeace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)physics Rabi, Isidor Isaac U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nucleiphysiology/medicine Erlanger, Joseph U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibresphysiology/medicine Gasser, Herbert Spencer U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres1945chemistry Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari Finland invention of fodder preservation methodliterature Mistral, Gabriela Chile poetpeace Hull, Cordell U.S.physics Pauli, Wolfgang Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electronsphysiology/medicine Chain, Sir Ernst Boris U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative valuephysiology/medicine Fleming, Sir Alexander U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative valuephysiology/medicine Florey, Howard Walter Florey, Baron Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value1946chemistry Northrop, John Howard U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure formchemistry Stanley, Wendell Meredith U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure formchemistry Sumner, James Batcheller U.S. discovery of enzyme crystallizationliterature Hesse, Hermann Switzerland novelistpeace Balch, Emily Greene U.S.peace Mott, John R. U.S.physics Bridgman, Percy Williams U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physicsphysiology/medicine Muller, Hermann Joseph U.S. production of mutations by X-ray irradiation1947chemistry Robinson, Sir Robert U.K. investigation of alkaloids and other plant productsliterature Gide, André France novelist, essayistpeace American Friends Service Committee U.S.physics Appleton, Sir Edward Victor U.K. discovery of Appleton layer in upper atmospherephysiology/medicine Cori, Carl and Gerty U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically convertedphysiology/medicine Houssay, Bernardo Alberto Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism1948chemistry Tiselius, Arne Sweden researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteinsliterature Eliot, T.S. U.K. poet, criticphysics Blackett, Patrick M.S. U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiationphysiology/medicine Müller, Paul Hermann Switzerland properties of DDT1949chemistry Giauque, William Francis U.S. behaviour of substances at extremely low temperaturesliterature Faulkner, William U.S. novelistpeace Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns, John Boyd Orr, Baron U.K.physics Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesonsphysiology/medicine Egas Moniz, António Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychosesphysiology/medicine Hess, Walter Rudolf Switzerland discovery of function of interbrain1950chemistry Alder, Kurt West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesischemistry Diels, Otto Paul Hermann West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesisliterature Russell, Bertrand U.K. philosopherpeace Bunche, Ralph U.S.physics Powell, Cecil Frank U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesonsphysiology/medicine Hench, Philip Showalter U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effectsphysiology/medicine Kendall, Edward Calvin U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effectsphysiology/medicine Reichstein, Tadeus Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects1951–60year category name country* achievement literary area1951physics Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particlesphysics Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton Ireland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particlesphysiology/1952physiology/1953physiology/medicine Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf U.K. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydratesphysiology/medicine Lipmann, Fritz Albert U.S. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates1954physiology/physiology/physiology/1955physiology/1956physiology/medicine Cournand, André F. U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changesphysiology/medicine Forssmann, Werner West Germany discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changesphysiology/medicine Richards, Dickinson Woodruff U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes1957chemistry Todd (of Trumpington), Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron (Todd, Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron) U.K. work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymesphysiology/1958physiology/physiology/physiology/1959peace Noel-Baker (of the City of Derby), Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron (Noel-Baker, Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron) U.K.physiology/physiology/1960physiology/physiology/1961–70year category name country* achievement literary area1961literature Andric, Ivo (Andrić, Ivo) Yugoslavia novelistphysiology/1962physics Landau, Lev Davidovich U.S.S.R. contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matterphysiology/physiology/physiology/1963peace League of Red Cross Societies (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies)physics Jensen, J. Hans D. West Germany development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nucleiphysics Mayer, Maria Goeppert U.S. development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nucleiphysics Wigner, Eugene Paul U.S. principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleusphysiology/physiology/physiology/1964chemistry Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot) U.K. determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemiaphysics Basov, Nikolay Gennadiyevich U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principlesphysics Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaylovich U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principlesphysics Townes, Charles Hard U.S. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principlesphysiology/medicine Bloch, Konrad (Bloch, Konrad E.) U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolismphysiology/1965chemistry Woodward, R.B. (Woodward, Robert Burns) U.S. synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substancesphysics Tomonaga Shin'ichiro (Tomonaga Shin'ichirō) Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamicsphysiology/physiology/physiology/1966chemistry Mulliken, Robert Sanderson U.S. work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of moleculesphysics Kastler, Alfred France discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atomsphysiology/physiology/1967chemistry Porter, Sir George (Porter, Sir George, Baron Porter of Luddenham) U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactionsphysics Bethe, Hans Albrecht (Bethe, Hans) U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of starsphysiology/medicine Granit, Ragnar Arthur Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eyephysiology/medicine Hartline, Haldan Keffer U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eyephysiology/1968physiology/physiology/physiology/medicine Nirenberg, Marshall William (Nirenberg, Marshall Warren) U.S. deciphering of the genetic code1969chemistry Barton, Sir Derek H.R. U.K. work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of moleculesphysiology/physiology/physiology/1970chemistry Leloir, Luis Federico Argentina discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydratesphysics Alfvén, Hannes Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetismphysics Néel, Louis-Eugène-Félix France work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetismphysiology/physiology/physiology/1971–80year category name country* achievement literary area1971physiology/1972economics Arrow, Kenneth J. U.S. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theoryeconomics Hicks, Sir John R. U.K. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theoryphysiology/physiology/1973physiology/physiology/physiology/1974economics Hayek, Friedrich von (Hayek, F.A.) U.K. pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomenaeconomics Myrdal, Gunnar Sweden pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomenaphysiology/physiology/medicine Duve, Christian René de Belgium research on structural and functional organization of cellsphysiology/1975economics Kantorovich, Leonid Vitalyevich U.S.S.R. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resourcesphysiology/medicine Baltimore, David U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cellphysiology/medicine Dulbecco, Renato U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cellphysiology/medicine Temin, Howard Martin U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell1976physiology/physiology/1977physics Anderson, Philip W. U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solidsphysics Mott, Sir Nevill F. U.K. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solidsphysics Van Vleck, John H. U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solidsphysiology/physiology/physiology/1978chemistry Mitchell, Peter Dennis U.K. formulation of a theory of energy transfer processes in biological systemseconomics Simon, Herbert Alexander (Simon, Herbert A.) U.S. decision-making processes in economic organizationsphysics Penzias, Arno U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theoryphysics Wilson, Robert Woodrow U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theoryphysiology/physiology/physiology/1979chemistry Brown, Herbert Charles U.S. introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substanceschemistry Wittig, Georg West Germany introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substancesphysics Glashow, Sheldon Lee U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particlesphysics Salam, Abdus Pakistan unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particlesphysics Weinberg, Steven U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particlesphysiology/physiology/1980economics Klein, Lawrence Robert U.S. development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuationsphysics Cronin, James Watson U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetriesphysics Fitch, Val Logsdon U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetriesphysiology/medicine Benacerraf, Baruj U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substancesphysiology/medicineGabriel-Joachim (Dausset, Jean) France investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substancesphysiology/medicine Snell, George Davis U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances1981–90year category name country* achievement literary area1981physics Siegbahn, Kai Manne Börje Sweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysisphysiology/physiology/physiology/1982physiology/physiology/physiology/medicine Vane, John Robert (Vane, Sir John Robert) U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins1983physics Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of starsphysics Fowler, William A. U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of starsphysiology/1984physics Meer, Simon van der The Netherlands discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theoryphysics Rubbia, Carlo Italy discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theoryphysiology/medicine Jerne, Niels K. U.K.-Denmark theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodiesphysiology/medicine Köhler, Georges J.F. West Germany theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodiesphysiology/medicine Milstein, César Argentina theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies1985chemistry Hauptman, Herbert A. U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small moleculesphysics Klitzing, Klaus von West Germany discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistancephysiology/physiology/1986physiology/physiology/medicine Levi-Montalcini, Rita Italy discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells1987economics Solow, Robert Merton (Solow, Robert M.) U.S. contributions to the theory of economic growthphysiology/1988chemistry Deisenhofer, Johann West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesiseconomics Allais, Maurice France contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resourcesphysiology/physiology/medicine Elion, Gertrude Belle (Elion, Gertrude B.) U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating diseasephysiology/1989physics Dehmelt, Hans Georg U.S. development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for studyphysics Paul, Wolfgang West Germany development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for studyphysiology/physiology/1990chemistry Corey, Elias James U.S. development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex moleculesphysiology/physiology/1991–2000year category name country* achievement literary area1991physiology/physiology/1992physiology/physiology/1993physiology/physiology/1994physiology/physiology/1995physiology/medicine Lewis, Edward B. U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural developmentphysiology/medicine Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane Germany identification of genes that control the body's early structural developmentphysiology/medicine Wieschaus, Eric F. U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development1996economics Mirrlees, James A. U.K. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric informationeconomics Vickrey, William U.S. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric informationphysiology/medicine Doherty, Peter C. Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cellsphysiology/medicine Zinkernagel, Rolf M. Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells1997economics Merton, Robert C. U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivativeseconomics Scholes, Myron S. U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivativesphysiology/1998chemistry Pople, John A. (Pople, Sir John A.) U.K. development of computational methods in quantum chemistryphysiology/medicine Furchgott, Robert F. U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular systemphysiology/medicine Ignarro, Louis J. U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular systemphysiology/medicine Murad, Ferid U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system1999chemistry Zewail, Ahmed H. Egypt/U.S. study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopyeconomics Mundell, Robert A. Canada analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange rate regimesphysics Hooft, Gerardus 't The Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactionsphysics Veltman, Martinus J.G. The Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactionsphysiology/2000economics Heckman, James J. U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behavioureconomics McFadden, Daniel L. U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviourphysics Alferov, Zhores I. (Alferov, Zhores) Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronicsphysiology/medicine Carlsson, Arvid Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brainphysiology/medicine Greengard, Paul U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brainphysiology/medicine Kandel, Eric R. (Kandel, Eric) U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain2001–07year category name country* achievement literary area2001physics Cornell, Eric A. U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensatesphysics Ketterle, Wolfgang Germany achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensatesphysics Wieman, Carl E. U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates● physiology/● medicine● physiology/● medicine● physiology/● medicine2002chemistry Fenn, John B. U.S. development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large moleculeschemistry Tanaka Koichi Japan development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large moleculeschemistry Wüthrich, Kurt Switzerland development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large moleculeseconomics Kahneman, Daniel U.S./Israel integration of psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision making under uncertaintyeconomics Smith, Vernon L. U.S. establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis● physiology/● medicineBrenner, Sydney U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)● physiology/● medicineHorvitz, H. Robert U.S. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)● physiology/● medicineSulston, John E. U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)2003physics Abrikosov, Alexei A. (Abrikosov, Alexey A.) U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperaturesphysics Ginzburg, Vitaly L. (Ginzburg, Vitaly Lazarevich) Russia discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperaturesphysics Leggett, Anthony J. U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures● physiology/● medicine● physiology/● medicine2004chemistry Ciechanover, Aaron (Ciechanover, Aaron J.) Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation● physiology/● medicine● physiology/● medicinephysics Gross, David J. U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interactionphysics Politzer, H. David U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction2005● physiology/● medicine● physiology/● medicine2006physics Mather, John C. U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiationphysics Smoot, George F. U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiationphysiology/physiology/2007physiology/medicine Capecchi, Mario R. U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cellsphysiology/medicine Evans, Sir Martin J. U.K. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cellsphysiology/medicine Smithies, Oliver U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells2008essayistphysics Kobayashi Makoto Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in naturephysics Maskawa Toshihide Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in naturephysics Nambu, Yoichiro U.S. discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physicsphysiology/medicine Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise (Barré-Sinoussi, Franƈoise) France discovery of human immunodeficiency virusphysiology/physiology/*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.See as table:
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Universalium. 2010.