- Nobel Prize winners by name
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▪ TableNobel Prize winners by nameA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y ZAname year category country* achievement literary areaAbrikosov, Alexey A. 2003 physics U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperaturesAdrian (of Cambridge), Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron (Adrian, Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron) 1932 physiology/medicine U.K. discoveries regarding function of neuronsAlferov, Zhores I. (Alferov, Zhores) 2000 physics Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronicsAlfvén, Hannes 1970 physics Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetismAllais, Maurice 1988 economics France contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resourcesAnderson, Philip W. 1977 physics U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solidsAndric, Ivo (Andrić, Ivo) 1961 literature Yugoslavia novelistAppleton, Sir Edward Victor 1947 physics U.K. discovery of the Appleton layer in the upper atmospheremedicine Switzerland discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNAArrhenius, Svante (Arrhenius, Svante August) 1903 chemistry Sweden theory of electrolytic dissociationArrow, Kenneth J. 1972 economics U.S. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theorymedicine U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory systemmedicine U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmissionBname year category country* achievement literary areamedicine U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cellmedicine Canada discovery of insulinmedicine Austria-Hungary work on vestibular apparatusmedicine France discovery of human immunodeficiency virusBarton, Sir Derek H.R. 1969 chemistry U.K. work in determining actual three-dimensional shapes of moleculesBasov, Nikolay Gennadiyevich 1964 physics U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principlesmedicine U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processesdramatistGermany discovery of new superconducting materialsmedicine Germany work on serum therapymedicine U.S. functions of the inner earmedicine U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substancesBergius, Friedrich 1931 chemistry Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methodsmedicine Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandinsBethe, Hans Albrecht (Bethe, Hans) 1967 physics U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of starsGermany development of electron microscopesmedicine U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes)poet,dramatistmedicine U.K. development of new classes of drugs for combating diseaseBlackett, Patrick M.S. (Blackett, Patrick M.S., Baron Blackett of Chelsea) 1948 physics U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiationmedicine U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organizationmedicine U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolismmedicine U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseasesGermany novelistmedicine Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serummedicine Italy production of synthetic curareBoyer, Paul D. 1997 chemistry U.S. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphateGermanyBrattain, Walter H. 1956 physics U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistormedicine U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)essayistduc (duke) de (Broglie, Louis-Victor, 7e duc de) 1929 physics France discovery of the wave nature of electronsBrown, Herbert Charles 1979 chemistry U.S. introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substancesmedicine U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolismBuchanan, James M. 1986 economics U.S. public-choice theory bridging economics and political sciencemedicine U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory systemmedicine Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplantsCname year category country* achievement literary areamedicine U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cellsmedicine Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brainmedicine France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organsCecil (of Chelwood), Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount (Cecil, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount) 1937 peace U.K.medicine U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative valueChandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan 1983 physics U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of starsCherenkov, Pavel Alekseyevich 1958 physics U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effectCiechanover, Aaron (Ciechanover, Aaron J.) 2004 chemistry Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradationmedicine U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cellsCockcroft, Sir John Douglas 1951 physics U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particlesmedicine U.S. discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cellsCorey, Elias James 1990 chemistry U.S. development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex moleculesmedicine U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically convertedmedicine U.S. development of the CAT scanmedicine U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changesmedicine U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNACronin, James Watson 1980 physics U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge- conjugation and parity-inversion symmetriesCrutzen, Paul 1995 chemistry The Netherlands explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layerDname year category country* achievement literary areamedicine U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve impulsesDalén, Nils 1912 physics Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoysmedicine Denmark discovery of vitamin Kmedicine France investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substancesJoseph (Davisson, Clinton Joseph) 1937 physics U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electronsNetherlands work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gasesDehmelt, Hans Georg 1989 physics U.S. development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for studyDeisenhofer, Johann 1988 chemistry West Germany discovery of the structure of proteins needed in photosynthesismedicine U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseasesHermann (Diels, Otto Paul Hermann) 1950 chemistry West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesismedicine Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cellsmedicine U.S. discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K(declined) 1939 physiology/medicine Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosilmedicine U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cellmedicine Belgium research on structural and functional organization of cellsEname year category country* achievement literary areamedicine Australia study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibremedicine U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodiesmedicine Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychosesmedicine Germany work on immunitymedicine The Netherlands discovery of the antineuritic vitaminmedicine The Netherlands discovery of electrocardiogram mechanismmedicine U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating diseasemedicine U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue culturesmedicine U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibresErnst, Richard R. 1991 chemistry Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyEstournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d' 1909 peace Francemedicine Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmissionvon (Euler-Chelpin, Hans von) 1929 chemistry Sweden investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involvedmedicine U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cellsFname year category country* achievement literary areaFenn, John B. 2002 chemistry U.S. development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large moleculesFermi, Enrico 1938 physics Italy disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiationmedicine Denmark contributions to cancer researchmedicine Denmark treatment of skin diseases with lightmedicine U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNAmedicine U.S. discovery of the class of enzymes called protein kinasesFitch, Val Logsdon 1980 physics U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetriesmedicine U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative valuemedicine Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative valuemedicine West Germany discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changesFowler, William A. 1983 physics U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of starsFranck, James 1925 physics Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atomMikhaylovich (Frank, Ilya Mikhaylovich) 1958 physics U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effectFriedman, Milton 1976 economics U.S. consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilizationmedicine Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patternsmedicine U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular systemGname year category country* achievement literary areamedicine U.S. studies of the origin and spread of infectious diseasesmedicine U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibresGilbert, Walter 1980 chemistry U.S. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structuremedicine U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteinsGinzburg, Vitaly L. (Ginzburg, Vitaly Lazarevich) 2003 physics Russia discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperaturesGlashow, Sheldon Lee 1979 physics U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particlesmedicine U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolismmedicine Italy work on the structure of the nervous systemGranger, Clive W.J. 2003 economics U.K. development of techniques for the analysis of time series datamedicine Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eyeGreengard, Paul 2000 physiology/ medicine U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brainGross, David J. 2004 physics U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interactionmedicine U.S. research on pituitary hormonesmedicine Sweden work on dioptrics of the eyeHname year category country* achievement literary areascience Norway development of statistical techniques for economic forecastingHarden, Sir Arthur 1929 chemistry U.K. investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involvedmedicine U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eyeHauptman, Herbert A. 1985 chemistry U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small moleculesHayek, Friedrich von (Hayek, F.A.) 1974 economics U.K. pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomenadevelopment of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviourmedicine U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effectsHerschbach, Dudley R. 1986 chemistry U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactionsmedicine U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseasesHertz, Gustav 1925 physics Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atommedicine Switzerland discovery of functions of the interbrainmedicine Belgium discovery of the role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulationHicks, Sir John R. 1972 economics U.K. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theorymedicine U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in musclesmedicine U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating diseasemedicine U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibreHodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot) 1964 chemistry U.K. determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemiaHoff, Jacobus Henricus van 't 1901 chemistry The Netherlands laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressuremedicine U.S. deciphering the genetic codeHooft, Gerardus 't 1999 physics The Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactionsmedicine U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitaminsmedicine U.S. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)medicine U.K. development of the CAT scanmedicine Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolismmedicine U.S. processing of visual information by the brainHuber, Robert 1988 chemistry West Germany discovery of the structure of proteins needed in photosynthesismedicine U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancermedicine U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibreIname year category country* achievement literary areamedicine U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular systemJname year category country* achievement literary areamedicine France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cellsGermany development of the shell model theory of the structure of atomic nucleimedicine U.K.- Denmark theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodiesKname year category country* achievement literary areaKahneman, Daniel 2002 economics U.S./Israel integration of psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision making under uncertaintyKamerlingh Onnes, Heike 1913 physics The Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid heliummedicine U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brainKantorovich, Leonid Vitalyevich 1975 economics U.S.S.R. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resourcesKarle, Jerome 1985 chemistry U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small moleculesKastler, Alfred 1966 physics France discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atomsmedicine U.K. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmissionmedicine U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effectsKendrew, John Cowdery (Kendrew, Sir John Cowdery) 1962 chemistry U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteinsmedicine U.S. deciphering the genetic codeKlein, Lawrence Robert 1980 economics U.S. development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuationsGermany discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistanceKobayashi Makoto 2008 physics Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in naturemedicine Germany tuberculosis researchmedicine Switzerland physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid glandKöhler, Georges J.F. 1984 physiology/medicine WestGermany theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodiesTjalling C. (Koopmans, Tjalling C.) 1975 economics U.S. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resourcesmedicine U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificiallymedicine Germany research in cellular chemistrymedicine U.S. discovery of the class of enzymes called protein kinasesmedicine U.K. discovery of the citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydratesKroemer, Herbert 2000 physics Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronicsmedicine Denmark discovery of the capillary motor-regulating mechanismLname year category country* achievement literary areaLandau, Lev Davidovich 1962 physics U.S.S.R. contributions to the understanding of condensed states of mattermedicine U.S. discovery of human blood groupsmedicine France discovery of the role of protozoans in diseasesessayistVietnamLeague of Red Cross Societies (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies) 1963 peacemedicine U.S. genetic recombinationLeggett, Anthony J. 2003 physics U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperaturesMarie (Lehn, Jean-Marie) 1987 chemistry France development of molecules that can link with other moleculesLeloir, Luis Federico 1970 chemistry Argentina discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydratesmedicine Italy discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cellsmedicine U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural developmentmedicine U.S. discovery of coenzyme A in metabolism of carbohydratesmedicine Germany work on chemical transmission of nerve impulsesLorentz, Hendrik Antoon 1902 physics The Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiationmedicine Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patternsLucas, Robert E., Jr. 1995 economics U.S. incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theorymedicine U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseasesmedicine France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cellsmedicine WestGermany discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolismMname year category country* achievement literary areamedicine U.K. discovery of insulinmedicine Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer diseaseMaskawa Toshihide 2008 physics Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in natureMather, John C. 2006 physics U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiationMayer, Maria Goeppert 1963 physics U.S. development of the shell model theory of the structure of atomic nucleimedicine U.S. discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredityMcFadden, Daniel L. 2000 economics U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviourmedicine U.K. acquired immunity to tissue transplantsMeer, Simon van der 1984 physics The Netherlands discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theorymedicine U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNAMerton, Robert C. 1997 economics U.S. method for determining the value of stock options and other derivativesmedicine Russia work on immunitymedicine Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in musclesMichel, Hartmut 1988 chemistry West Germany discovery of the structure of proteins needed in photosynthesisMillikan, Robert Andrews 1923 physics U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effectmedicine Argentina theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodiesmedicine U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemiaMirrlees, James A. 1996 economics U.K. contributions to the theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric informationMitchell, Peter Dennis 1978 chemistry U.K. formulation of a theory of energy-transfer processes in biological systemsmedicine France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cellsmedicine France discovery of human immunodeficiency virusMott, Sir Nevill F. 1977 physics U.K. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solidsMottelson, Ben R. 1975 physics Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusionmedicine U.S. production of mutations by X-radiationmedicine Switzerland properties of DDTMulliken, Robert Sanderson 1966 chemistry U.S. work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of moleculesMundell, Robert A. 1999 economics Canada analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange-rate regimesmedicine U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular systemmedicine U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemiamedicine U.S. development of kidney and bone marrow transplantsMyrdal, Gunnar 1974 economics Sweden pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomenaNname year category country* achievement literary areaNambu, Yoichiro 2008 physics U.S. discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physicsmedicine U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNANéel, Louis-Eugène-Félix 1970 physics France work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetismmedicine Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseasemedicine France work on typhusmedicine U.S. deciphering the genetic codeNoel-Baker (of the City of Derby), Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron (Noel-Baker, Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron) 1959 peace U.K.medicine Germany identification of genes that control the body's early structural developmentOname year category country* achievement literary areamedicine U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificiallyO'Neill, Eugene 1936 literature U.S. dramatistOstwald, Wilhelm 1909 chemistry Germany pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction velocitiesPname year category country* achievement literary areaPalade, George E. 1974 physiology/ medicine U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cellsPedersen, Charles J. 1987 chemistry U.S. development of molecules that can link with other moleculesPenzias, Arno 1978 physics U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theoryPolanyi, John C. 1986 chemistry Canada development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactionsPolitzer, H. David 2004 physics U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interactionPople, John A. (Pople, Sir John A.) 1998 chemistry U.K. development of computational methods in quantum chemistryPorter, Sir George (Porter, Sir George, Baron Porter of Luddenham) 1967 chemistry U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactionsPorter, Rodney Robert 1972 physiology/ medicine U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodiesPowell, Cecil Frank 1950 physics U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesonsProkhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaylovich 1964 physics U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principlesPrusiner, Stanley B. 1997 physiology/ medicine U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing proteinQname year category country* achievement literary areaRname year category country* achievement literary areaRabi, Isidor Isaac 1944 physics U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nucleiRaman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata 1930 physics India work on light diffusion; discovery of the Raman effectRamsay, Sir William 1904 chemistry U.K. discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic systemRayleigh (of Terling Place), John William Strutt, 3rd Baron (Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron) 1904 physics U.K. discovery of argonReichstein, Tadeus 1950 physiology/ medicine Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effectsRichards, Dickinson Woodruff 1956 physiology/ medicine U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changesRichards, Theodore William 1914 chemistry U.S. accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elementsRobbins, Frederick Chapman 1954 physiology/ medicine U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue culturesRoberts, Richard J. 1993 physiology/ medicine U.K. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structureRubbia, Carlo 1984 physics Italy discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theoryRutherford, Ernest (Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge) 1908 chemistry U.K. investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substancesRuzicka, Leopold (Ružička, Leopold) 1939 chemistry Switzerland work on polymethylenes and higher terpenesSname year category country* achievement literary areamedicine Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseasesSalam, Abdus 1979 physics Pakistan unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particlesmedicine Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandinsSanger, Frederick 1980 chemistry U.K. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structuremedicine U.S. research on pituitary hormonesSchawlow, Arthur Leonard (Schawlow, Arthur L.) 1981 physics U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopyScholes, Myron S. 1997 economics U.S. method for determining the value of stock options and other derivativesmedicine U.S. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structureSherrington, Sir Charles Scott 1932 physiology/ medicine U.K. discoveries regarding function of neuronsShimomura, Osamu 2008 chemistry U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFPShockley, William B. 1956 physics U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistorSiegbahn, Kai Manne Börje 1981 physics Sweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysisSimon, Herbert Alexander (Simon, Herbert A.) 1978 economics U.S. decision-making processes in economic organizationsSkou, Jens C. 1997 chemistry Denmark discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatasemedicine U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNASmith, Vernon L. 2002 economics U.S. establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysismedicine U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cellsSmoot, George F. 2006 physics U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiationmedicine U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substancesSoddy, Frederick 1921 chemistry U.K. chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence and nature of isotopesSolow, Robert Merton (Solow, Robert M.) 1987 economics U.S. contributions to the theory of economic growthmedicine Germany organizer effect in embryomedicine U.S. functions of the cerebral hemispheresStanley, Wendell Meredith 1946 chemistry U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure formStark, Johannes 1919 physics Germany discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric fieldmedicine U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)medicine U.S. action of hormonesmedicine Hungary work on biological combustionTname year category country* achievement literary areaTanaka Koichi 2002 chemistry Japan development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large moleculesmedicine U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processesmedicine U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cellmedicine South Africa yellow fever discoveriesmedicine Sweden nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymesmedicine U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplantsThomson, Sir George Paget 1937 physics U.K. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electronsmedicine U.K. discoveries in animal behaviour patternsTiselius, Arne 1948 chemistry Sweden researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteinsTodd (of Trumpington), Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron (Todd, Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron) 1957 chemistry U.K. work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymesTomonaga Shin'ichiro (Tomonaga Shin'ichirō) 1965 physics Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamicsmedicine Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodiesTownes, Charles Hard 1964 physics U.S. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principlesUname year category country* achievement literary areaUnited Nations Peacekeeping Forces 1988 peaceVname year category country* achievement literary areaVan Vleck, John H. 1977 physics U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solidsVane, John Robert (Vane, Sir John Robert) 1982 physiology/ medicine U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandinsVeltman, Martinus J.G. 1999 physics The Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactionsVickrey, William 1996 economics U.S. theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric informationWname year category country* achievement literary areaWaals, Johannes Diederik van der 1910 physics The Netherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquidsWagner-Jauregg, Julius 1927 physiology/ medicine Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralyticaWald, George 1967 physiology/ medicine U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eyeWalker, John E. 1997 chemistry U.K. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphateWalton, Ernest Thomas Sinton 1951 physics Ireland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particlesWarburg, Otto 1931 physiology/ medicine Germany discovery of the nature and action of the respiratory enzymeWarren, J. Robin 2005 physiology/ medicine Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer diseaseWatson, James Dewey 1962 physiology/ medicine U.S. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNAWeinberg, Steven 1979 physics U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particlesWeller, Thomas H. 1954 physiology/ medicine U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue culturesWieschaus, Eric F. 1995 physiology/ medicine U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural developmentWigner, Eugene Paul 1963 physics U.S. principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleusWilczek, Frank 2004 physics U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interactionWilkins, Maurice 1962 physiology/ medicine U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNAWillstätter, Richard 1915 chemistry Germany pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially chlorophyllWilson, C.T.R. 1927 physics U.K. method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particlesWilson, Robert Woodrow 1978 physics U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theoryWittig, Georg 1979 chemistry West Germany introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substancesWoodward, R.B. (Woodward, Robert Burns) 1965 chemistry U.S. synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substancesWüthrich, Kurt 2002 chemistry Switzerland development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large moleculesYname year category country* achievement literary areaZname year category country* achievement literary areaZeeman, Pieter 1902 physics The Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiationZewail, Ahmed H. 1999 chemistry Egypt/U.S. study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopyZiegler, Karl 1963 chemistry West Germany structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plasticsZinkernagel, Rolf M. 1996 physiology/ medicine Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cellsZsigmondy, Richard 1925 chemistry Austria elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutionsmedicine Germany discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.See as table:
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Universalium. 2010.