Merrill, James

▪ American poet

in full  James Ingram Merrill  

born March 3, 1926, New York, N.Y., U.S.

died Feb. 6, 1995, Tucson, Ariz.

      American poet especially known for the fine craftsmanship and wit of his lyric and epic poems.

      Merrill was the son of Charles E. Merrill, a founder of Merrill Lynch, an investment-banking firm. He attended private schools and Amherst College (B.A., 1947), and inherited wealth enabled him to devote his life to his poetry. The novelist Alison Lurie (Lurie, Alison), who was a friend, described him as “a kind of Martian: supernaturally brilliant, detached, quizzical, apart” in her biography of Merrill and his longtime companion, David Jackson.

      Merrill's first book, First Poems (1951), and subsequent collections revealed his formal mastery but were somewhat impersonal and artificial in tone. With Water Street (1962), critics noted a growing ease and the development of a personal vision in his writing. With Nights and Days (1966), which won the National Book Award in Poetry, The Fire Screen (1969), and Braving the Elements (1972), Merrill gained wider public appreciation. His verse in these books was more autobiographical and tended to focus on poignant moments in his romantic and domestic life. He skillfully combined lyric language with ordinary conversation and possessed a voice that could be witty, intimate, and colloquial while retaining a high degree of formal elegance.

      The publication of the epic poetry in the Pulitzer Prize-winning Divine Comedies (1976), Mirabell: Books of Number (1978), for which he won a second National Book Award, and Scripts for the Pageant (1980)—a trilogy later published in The Changing Light at Sandover (1982)—established Merrill as one of the leading American poets of his generation. This 17,000-line work presents a series of conversations held with various real and fictional persons in the spirit world by means of a Ouija board, a device that enabled Merrill to compose a serious yet witty summation of his lifelong concerns. A selection of his poetry, From the First Nine: Poems 1946–1976, was published in 1982. The poetry collection The Inner Room (1988) won the Library of Congress's first Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry. Merrill also wrote plays, novels, essays, and the memoir A Different Person (1993). His 15th and last book of poetry, A Scattering of Salts, appeared posthumously in 1995. His Collected Poems was published in 2001. One critic spoke of the “lapidary smoothness and mosaic fit,” reminiscent of the Roman poet Horace, that marked Merrill's poetry.

Additional Reading

A biography of James Merrill is Alison Lurie, Familiar Spirits: A Memoir of James Merrill and David Jackson (2001). Among critical works are Ross Labrie, James Merrill (1982); Judith Moffett, James Merrill: An Introduction to the Poetry (1984); Harold Bloom (ed.), James Merrill (1985); and Stephen Yenser, The Consuming Myth: The Work of James Merrill (1987).

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