Elizabeth

Elizabeth
/i liz"euh beuhth/, n.
1. Douay Bible. Elisabeth.
2. (Elizaveta Petrovna) 1709-62, empress of Russia 1741-62 (daughter of Peter the Great).
3. (Pauline Elizabeth Ottilie Luise, Princess of Wied) ("Carmen Sylva") 1843-1916, queen of Rumania 1881-1914 and author.
4. (Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon) born 1900, queen consort of George VI of Great Britain (mother of Elizabeth II).
5. Saint, 1207-31, Hungarian princess and religious mystic.
6. a city in NE New Jersey. 106,201.
7. a female given name: from a Hebrew word meaning "oath of God."

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I
City (pop., 2000: 120,568), northeastern New Jersey, U.S. Located on Newark Bay adjacent to Newark, it is connected by bridge to Staten Island.

Settlement began in 1664 with the purchase of land from the Delaware Indians. The first colonial assembly met there (1668–82). It was the scene of four military engagements during the American Revolution. It grew throughout the 19th century and is now highly industrialized, with important shipping operations. It was the original seat of Princeton University (1746) and home to Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr.
II
born Dec. 24, 1837, Munich, Bavaria
died Sept. 10, 1898, Geneva, Switz.

Empress consort of Austria (1854–98) and queen of Hungary (1867–98).

Regarded as the most beautiful princess in Europe, she married her cousin, Emperor Francis Joseph, in 1854. She was popular with her subjects but offended Viennese high society with her impatience with rigid court etiquette. The Hungarians admired her, especially for her efforts in bringing about the Compromise of 1867. During a visit to Switzerland she was assassinated by an Italian anarchist.
III
Russian Yelizaveta Petrovna

born Dec. 18, 1709, Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, Russia
died Dec. 25, 1761, St. Petersburg

Empress of Russia (1741–61).

Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I, she was proclaimed empress after staging a coup d'état and arresting Ivan VI, his mother, and their chief advisers. She encouraged the development of education and art and left control of most state affairs to her advisers and favorites. Her reign was characterized by court intrigues, a deteriorating financial situation, and the gentry's acquisition of privileges at the expense of the peasantry. However, Russia's prestige as a major European power grew. Russia adhered to a pro-Austrian, anti-Prussian foreign policy, annexed a portion of southern Finland after fighting a war with Sweden, improved its relations with Britain, and fought Prussia in the Seven Years' War. Elizabeth was succeeded by her nephew Peter III.
IV

born Aug. 19, 1596, Falkland Palace, Fifeshire, Scot.
died Feb. 13, 1662, Westminster, London, Eng.

Titular queen of Bohemia from 1619.

Daughter of the Scottish king James VI (later James I of England), she came to English royal court in 1606. Noted for her beauty and charm, she became a favorite subject of the poets. In 1613 she was married to Frederick V, the elector palatine, who became king of Bohemia (as Frederick I) in 1619. After his defeat by the Catholic League in 1620, the couple went into exile, where Elizabeth spent the next 40 years. In 1661 her nephew Charles II grudgingly allowed her to return to England. Her most famous son was Prince Rupert.
V
(as used in expressions)
Agassiz Elizabeth Cabot
Elizabeth Cabot Cary
Anderson Elizabeth Garrett
Julia Elizabeth Wells
Arden Elizabeth
Bishop Elizabeth
Blackwell Elizabeth
Elizabeth Cochrane
Bowen Elizabeth Dorothea Cole
Brooks Gwendolyn Elizabeth
Browning Elizabeth Barrett
Elizabeth Barrett
Catlett Elizabeth
Elizabeth Cohen
Ruth Elizabeth Davis
Dickinson Emily Elizabeth
Mary Elizabeth Mapes
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
Elizabeth of Hungary Saint
Ruth Elizabeth Grable
Hopkins Pauline Elizabeth
Aimee Elizabeth Kennedy
Peabody Elizabeth Palmer
Elizabeth Lucas
Elizabeth Griscom
Seton Saint Elizabeth Ann
Elizabeth Ann Bayley
Elizabeth Smith
Kathryn Elizabeth Smith
Stanton Elizabeth Cady
Elizabeth Cady
Harriet Elizabeth Beecher
Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond
Gaskell Elizabeth Cleghorn
Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson

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      city, seat (1857) of Union county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies on Newark Bay and Arthur Kill (channel; connected by the Goethals Bridge to Staten Island, New York City) and is adjacent to Newark, New Jersey, to the north. Settlement began in 1664 with the purchase of land from the Delaware Indians. It was named Elizabethtown to honour the wife of Sir George Carteret, one of the colony's first proprietors. The first colonial assembly met there from 1668 to 1682. In 1740 it was chartered as the “free borough and town of Elizabeth.” Elizabeth suffered severely during the American Revolution and was the scene of four military engagements. With the coming of the railroads and the development of the Port of Staten Island in the 1830s, the town was assured steady growth.

      Elizabeth is highly industrialized, with important shipping operations including the Port Newark/Elizabeth Marine Terminal, with facilities for containerized shipping. The city was a leading centre for the manufacture of sewing machines from 1873 until the early 1980s, when the Singer (Singer Company) plant closed. Elizabeth's economy is still dominated by manufacturing, including food products, chemicals, and machinery. The city is also an important retail and health-care centre for the region. Princeton University originated (1746) in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey. Boxwood Hall, now a state historic site, was the home of Elias Boudinot, president of the Continental Congress in 1783. Alexander Hamilton (Hamilton, Alexander) and Aaron Burr (Burr, Aaron) both attended an old academy (burned by the British in 1780) situated where the city's First Presbyterian Church parish house now stands. Part of Newark Liberty International Airport lies within the city. Inc. city, 1855. Pop. (1990) 110,002; (2000) 120,568.

▪ empress consort of Austria
born Dec. 24, 1837, Munich, Bavaria [Germany]
died Sept. 10, 1898, Geneva, Switz.
 empress consort of Austria from April 24, 1854, when she married the emperor Francis Joseph I. She was also queen of Hungary (crowned June 8, 1867) after the Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich, or Compromise. Her assassination brought her rather unsettled life to a tragic end.

      Elizabeth was the daughter of the Bavarian duke Maximilian Joseph. In August 1853 she met her cousin Francis Joseph, then aged 23, who quickly fell in love with the 15-year-old Elizabeth, who was regarded as the most beautiful princess in Europe. Soon after their marriage she became involved in many conflicts with her mother-in-law, Archduchess Sophia, which led to an estrangement with the court. Generally popular with her subjects, she offended Viennese aristocracy by her impatience with the rigid etiquette of the court.

      The Hungarians admired her, especially for her endeavours in bringing about the Compromise of 1867. She spent much time at Gödöllő, north of Budapest. Her enthusiasm for Hungary, however, affronted German sentiment within Austria. She partly assuaged Austrian feelings by her care for the wounded in the Seven Weeks' War of 1866.

      The suicide of her only son, the crown prince Rudolf (Rudolf, Archduke and Crown Prince of Austria), in 1889, was a shock from which Elizabeth never fully recovered. It was during a visit to Switzerland that she was mortally stabbed by an Italian anarchist, Luigi Luccheni.

Additional Reading
Brigitte Hamann, The Reluctant Empress (1986; originally published in German, 1982).

▪ empress of Russia
Russian  in full Yelizaveta Petrovna  
born Dec. 18 [Dec. 29, New Style], 1709, Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, Russia
died Dec. 25, 1761, [Jan. 5, 1762], St. Petersburg
 empress of Russia from 1741 to 1761 (1762, New Style).

      The daughter of Peter I the Great (reigned 1682–1725) and Catherine I (reigned 1725–27), Elizabeth grew up to be a beautiful, charming, intelligent, and vivacious young woman. Despite her talents and popularity, particularly among the guards, she played only a minor political role during the reigns of Peter II (reigned 1727–30) and Empress Anna (reigned 1730–40). But when Anna Leopoldovna assumed the regency for her son Ivan VI (1740–41) and threatened Elizabeth with banishment to a convent, the young princess allowed herself to be influenced by the French ambassador and members of the Russian court who hoped to reduce German domination over Russian affairs and reverse Russia's pro-Austrian, anti-French foreign policy. On the night of Nov. 24–25 (Dec. 5–6), 1741, she staged a coup d'état, arresting the infant emperor, his mother, and their chief advisers; after summoning all the civil and ecclesiastical notables of St. Petersburg, Elizabeth was proclaimed empress of Russia.

      Upon ascending the throne, Elizabeth abolished the Cabinet council system of government that had been employed by her predecessors and formally reconstituted the Senate as it had been created by her father. As a result of this and similar measures, her reign has been generally characterized as a return to the principles and traditions of Peter the Great (Peter I). In fact, Elizabeth's restoration of the Senate as the chief governing body was only nominal (the country really being ruled by her private chancery), and the empress actually abolished some of her father's major reforms. Furthermore, rather than assume a dominant role in government as Peter had done, Elizabeth occupied herself with splendid court and church activities and the purchase of stylish Western clothing. She also encouraged the development of education and art, founding Russia's first university (in Moscow) and the Academy of Arts (in St. Petersburg) and building the extravagant Winter Palace (also in St. Petersburg). She left control of most state affairs to her advisers and favourites, under whose leadership the effectiveness of Russia's government was handicapped by continual court intrigues; the country's financial situation deteriorated; and the gentry acquired broad privileges at the expense of the peasantry.

      Simultaneously, however, Russia's prestige as a major European power grew. Guided by Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, who enjoyed Elizabeth's complete confidence, the country firmly adhered to a pro-Austrian, anti-Prussian foreign policy, annexed a portion of southern Finland after fighting a war with Sweden (1741–43), improved its relations with Great Britain, and successfully conducted hostilities against Prussia during the Seven Years' War (1756–63).

      Before Russia and its allies, France and Austria, could force Prussia's collapse, however, Elizabeth died, leaving her throne to her nephew Peter III, who was a great admirer of Frederick II the Great of Prussia and who withdrew Russia from the war.

▪ queen consort of United Kingdom
in full  Elizabeth Angela Marguerite, née Bowes-Lyon,  also called (1923–36)  Duchess of York,  or (from 1952)  Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother  
born August 4, 1900, St. Paul's Waldenbury, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England
died March 30, 2002, Windsor, Berkshire

      queen consort of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1936–52), wife of King George VI (George VI). She was credited with sustaining the monarchy through numerous crises, including the abdication of Edward VIII and the death of Princess Diana (Diana, princess of Wales).

      The Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon was the youngest daughter of Claude George Bowes-Lyon, 14th earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (d. 1944); the Bowes-Lyon family could claim descent from Robert I the Bruce, king of Scotland. On April 26, 1923, Elizabeth was married to Albert, duke of York, second son of King George V. This marriage was a popular departure from the long-standing practice of an English prince marrying into a foreign royal family. On December 11, 1936, upon the abdication of Edward VIII and the accession of her husband as George VI, Elizabeth became queen consort. She never forgave Edward, afterward duke of Windsor, for having abandoned the throne to George, without the latter's adequate anticipation or preparation. Shy and prone to melancholy, George seemed ill-suited for the role of king. Elizabeth's unflagging support, however, helped transform him into a confident and much respected monarch; it was at her urgings that he sought treatment for stuttering. As queen consort, Elizabeth also enjoyed great popularity, enhanced, in part, by her actions during World War II, when she refused to leave London during German air raids, even after Buckingham Palace was bombed. Many credit her with setting the tone for the modern British monarchy, as she eased formalities and established an unprecedented rapport with the public.

      Elizabeth bore two daughters, Elizabeth Alexandra Mary (Elizabeth II), the future queen Elizabeth II (b. April 21, 1926), and Princess Margaret Rose, the future Countess of Snowden (b. August 21, 1930—d. February 9, 2002). After her husband's death on February 6, 1952, and the accession of Elizabeth II, she became known officially as Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother. She remained, however, an influential figure and made numerous appearances in England and around the world. Her public duties continued until shortly before her death. Noted for her humour and easygoing nature, the “Queen Mum,” as she became affectionately known, was one of the most popular and admired members of the royal family.

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Universalium. 2010.

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  • Elizabeth I — (Elizabeth Tudor) 1533 1603, queen of England 1558 1603 (successor of Mary I; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn). * * * born Sept. 7, 1533, Greenwich, near London, Eng. died March 24, 1603, Richmond, Surrey Queen of England (1558–1603).… …   Universalium

  • Elizabeth — or Elisabeth is the Greek form Ελισ(σ)άβετ Elis(s)avet of the Hebrew Elisheva, meaning my God is an oath, my God is abundance, God s promise, or oath of God. For more information about the name, see Elizabeth (given name)aints (from whom other… …   Wikipedia

  • Elizabeth R — is an Emmy Award winning BBC television drama serial of six 85 minute plays starring Glenda Jackson in the title role. It was first broadcast on terrestrial channel BBC Two from February to March 1971, and was later broadcast in America on the… …   Wikipedia

  • Elizabeth — ist die englische Schreibweise für den Frauennamen Elisabeth Elizabeth ist der Name mehrerer Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten: Elizabeth (Arkansas) Elizabeth (Colorado) Elizabeth (Georgia) Elizabeth (Illinois) Elizabeth (Indiana) Elizabeth… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Elizabeth II — (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor) born 1926, queen of Great Britain since 1952 (daughter of George VI). * * * in full Elizabeth Alexandra Mary born April 21, 1926, London, Eng. Queen of the United Kingdom from 1952. She became heir presumptive… …   Universalium

  • Elizabeth — Elizabeth, NJ U.S. city in New Jersey Population (2000): 120568 Housing Units (2000): 42838 Land area (2000): 12.221229 sq. miles (31.652836 sq. km) Water area (2000): 1.434020 sq. miles (3.714094 sq. km) Total area (2000): 13.655249 sq. miles… …   StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places

  • Elizabeth — prop. n. [a proper name from the Hebrew, probably meaning God of the oath or oath of God .] 1. Queen Elizabeth II. of the United Kingdom, born 1926. Syn: Elizabeth II. [WordNet 1.5] 2. Elizabeth I., the Queen of England from 1558 to 1603. She was …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Elizabeth — • The wife of Zachary, mother of St. John the Baptist, and relative of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Some believe that it was Elizabeth who proclaimed the Magnificat Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Elizabeth     Elizabeth …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Elizabeth S.C. — Elizabeth S.C. is an inactive American soccer club based in Union County, New Jersey that is an inactive member of the Cosmopolitan Soccer League. History Elizabeth S.C. was founded in 1924 in Elizabeth, New Jersey by a group of German immigrants …   Wikipedia

  • Elizabeth — f The usual spelling of ELISABETH (SEE Elisabeth) in English. It was first made popular by being borne by Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603). In the 20th century it became extremely fashionable, partly because it was the name of Elizabeth… …   First names dictionary

  • Elizabeth — Elizabeth1 [ē liz′ə bəth, iliz′ə bəth] n. [LL(Ec) Elizabetha < Gr(Ec) Elisabet < Heb elisheva, lit., God is (my) oath] 1. a feminine name: dim. Bess, Bessie, Beth, Betsy, Betty, Elsie, Libby, Lisa, Liz; var. Elisabeth, Eliza 2. Bible the… …   English World dictionary

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