Berber

Berber
/berr"beuhr/, n.
1. a member of a group of North African tribes living in Barbary and the Sahara.
2. a subfamily of Afro-Asiatic, consisting of the languages of the Berbers, including Tuareg and Kabyle.
adj.
3. of or pertaining to the Berbers or their language.
[1835-45; < Ar barbar < Gk bárbaros; see BARBAROUS]

* * *

Any member of a community native to the Maghrib who speaks one of various Berber languages, including Tamazight, Tashahit, and Tarifit.

Berber-speakers were the original inhabitants of North Africa, though many regions succumbed to colonization by the Roman Republic and Empire and later (from the 7th century AD) to conquest by the Arabs. Berbers gradually accepted Islam, and many switched to Arabic or became bilingual. Berber languages are still spoken in some rural and mountain areas of Morocco and Algeria and by some inhabitants of Tunisia and Libya. Since the 1990s Berber intellectuals have sought to revive interest in the language. The Berber-speaking Almoravid and Almohad dynasties built empires in North Africa and Spain in the 11th–13th centuries. See also Abd el-Krim; Kabyle; Rif.

* * *

people
self-name  Amazigh,  plural  Imazighen 

      any of the descendants of the pre-Arab inhabitants of North Africa. The Berbers live in scattered communities across Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt and tend to be concentrated in the mountain and desert regions of those countries. Smaller numbers of Berbers live in the northern portions of Mauritania, Mali, and Niger. They speak various languages belonging to the Afro-Asiatic language family. (See Berber languages (Amazigh languages).)

      The ancient Numidians, who were at first allies of Carthage and then clients of the Roman Empire, were Berbers; the term Berber is derived from the Roman term for barbarians, barbara, as is the name Barbary, which formerly denoted the North African coast. The Berbers strenuously resisted the Arab invasion of the 7th century AD, but they were eventually converted to Islam (Islāmic world). Many Berbers also adopted Arabic as their language and were thus assimilated into the Arab community. The Berbers played an important role in the Muslim conquest of Spain in the 8th century, and two distinct groups, the Almoravids and Almohads, built Islamic empires in northwestern Africa and Spain in the 11th–13th century. In the 12th century a wave of invading Bedouin Arabs wrecked the Berbers' peasant economy in coastal North Africa and converted many of the settled peoples into nomads. In subsequent centuries, the Berbers of the mountain and desert regions often remained beyond the control of the coastal states. They were pacified by the French in the 1880s, however.

      At the turn of the 21st century there were about 9,500,000 Berbers in Morocco, about 4,300,000 in Algeria, and smaller numbers in neighbouring countries. The Berbers are divided into a number of groups that speak distinct languages. The largest of these are the Rif, Kabyle, Shawia, Tuareg, Ḥarāṭīn, Shluh, and Beraber.

      Though most Berbers are sedentary farmers, some groups cultivate the lowlands in winter and graze their flocks in mountain meadows during the summer. Others are year-round pastoral nomads. The principal Berber crops are wheat, barley, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and olives. Cattle, sheep, and goats are maintained in herds, together with oxen, mules, camels, and horses for draft and transportation. Sedentary farmers occupy single-story stone houses, and seasonally nomadic groups erect strongholds of pounded earth for defense and storage and live in goat-hair tents when at pasture. Most home industries, such as pottery making and weaving, are in the women's domain. Many modern-day Berbers are migrant labourers working in Spain or France, and others have migrated to large cities in their native countries to seek employment.

      Almost all Berbers are Muslims, but various pre-Islamic religious elements survive among them, chiefly the worship of local saints and the veneration of their tombs. Women have a greater degree of personal freedom among the Berbers than they do among Arabs, and Berber local governments tend to be more communal and less authoritarian than their Arab counterparts. Berber society is quite fragmented. A handful of families make up a clan, several clans form a community, and many communities make an ethnic group. The simplest Berber political structure, found in villages in Algeria and the High (Haut) Atlas mountains, is the jamāʿah, a meeting of all reputable adult men in the village square. Fully nomadic groups elect a permanent chieftain and council, while seasonal nomads annually elect a summer chief to direct the migration. The largest Berber social units are only loosely organized.

* * *


Universalium. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем сделать НИР

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Berber — Berber …   Deutsch Wörterbuch

  • Berber — may refer to: *a member of the Berber people **the Berber languages, a family of Afro Asiatic languages **Berberism, a political cultural supporting a distinct Berber identity. **Berber calendar **Berber cuisine **Berber Jews and the Judeo Berber …   Wikipedia

  • berber — BERBÉR, Ă, berberi, e, s.m. şi f., adj. 1. s.m. şi f. (La pl.) Populaţie hamito semitică din nordul Africii; (şi la sg.) persoană care aparţine acestei populaţii. 2. adj. Care aparţine berberilor (1), privitor la berberi. – Din fr. berbère …   Dicționar Român

  • berber — bèrber (bèrberin) m DEFINICIJA reg. zast. [i] (+ srp.)[/i] obrtnik koji brije i šiša; brijač ONOMASTIKA pr. (prema zanimanju ili nadimačka): Bèrber (180, Obrovac, S Dalmacija), Berbérac, Bèrberić, Berbérović, Bȅrbić (Šibenik, Primorje, Slavonija) …   Hrvatski jezični portal

  • berber — berber, ère (bèr bèr, bê r ) s. m. et f. Nom des habitants primitifs de l Afrique du Nord. Les berbers portent le nom de Kabyles en Algérie.    Adj. La langue berbère ou le berber, langue parlée par ces peuples, laquelle n a rien de commun avec l …   Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré

  • Berber — Ber ber (b[ e]r b[ e]r), n. [See {Barbary}.] A member of a race somewhat resembling the Arabs, but often classed as Hamitic, who were formerly the inhabitants of the whole of North Africa from the Mediterranean southward into the Sahara, and who… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Berber — Berber, 1) (Barbar), Land am Nil in Nubien, sandig, mit Quellen u. fruchtbarem, auch waldigem Boden, bewohnt von Arabern unter einem Häuptling (Mel od. Melek). Die Einwohner sind wohlgewachsen, mit dicker Oberlippe; habsüchtig, complimentenreich …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Berber [1] — Berber (Berbern), zu den Hamiten gehöriger Volksstamm in Nordafrika, zu dem außer den ausgestorbenen Guanchen (s. d.) die Libyer, Mauren, Numidier, Gätuler und Garamanten der alten Geographen gehörten, und der bis heute trotz der semitischen und… …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Berber [2] — Berber (El Mekerif), Stadt in Nubien, am rechten Nilufer, unter 17°59´ nördl. Br. und 34°20´ östl. L., deren ärmliche Erdhütten zwischen Akazien und Palmen sich 3 km lang am Fluß hinziehen, hat zwei Basare und 10,000 Einw. B., jetzt Station der… …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Berber — Berber, Volk in Afrika, s. Berbern …   Kleines Konversations-Lexikon

  • Berber [2] — Berber, El Meschêrif, Hauptstadt der Landsch. Dar B. in Nubien, am Nil, unterhalb der Mündung des Atbara, 10.000 E.; 1897 durch die Engländer dem Mahdi entrissen …   Kleines Konversations-Lexikon

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”