Scaliger, Joseph Justus

▪ Dutch philologist and historian

born Aug. 5, 1540, Agen, Fr.

died Jan. 21, 1609, Leiden, Holland [now in Neth.]

 Dutch philologist and historian whose works on chronology were among the greatest contributions of Renaissance scholars to revisions in historical and classical studies.

      The son of an Italian physician and philosopher, Julius Caesar Scaliger, who immigrated to Agen in 1525, the young Joseph entered school at Bordeaux and quickly proved himself an extraordinarily precocious student. In 1559 he went to Paris to study Greek and Latin and then began to teach himself Hebrew, Arabic, Syrian, Persian, and the principal modern languages. He converted to Protestantism in 1562 and set out on travels to French and German universities and to Italy to study its antiquities. After the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day (August 1572) and the persecution of French Protestants, he went to Geneva, where he taught at an academy, returning to France in 1574. He was called to the University of Leiden (1593), where he became known as the most erudite scholar of his time. He remained there until his death.

      Scaliger's greatest work is the Opus de emendatione tempore (1583; “Study on the Improvement of Time”), a study of previous calendars. In it he compared the computations of time made by the various civilizations of antiquity, corrected their errors, and for the first time placed chronology on a solidly scientific basis. His other major work is Thesaurus temporum, complectens Eusebi Pamphili Chronicon (1609; “The Thesaurus of Time, Including the Chronicle of Eusebius Pamphilus”), a reconstruction of the Chronicle of the early Christian historian Eusebius Pamphilus and a collection of Greek and Latin remnants placed in chronological order. Two other treatises (published in 1604 and 1616) established numismatics, the study of coins, as a new and reliable tool in historical research. A prolific writer, his works were collected and published posthumously in 1610, and two collections of his correspondence appeared in 1624 and 1627.

Additional Reading

Jakob Bernays, Joseph Justus Scaliger (1855); Charles Nisard, Le Triumvirat littéraire au XVI^e siècle, pp. 149–308 (1852); Joseph Scaliger, Autobiography (Eng. trans. by G.W. Robinson, 1927).

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