labour, division of

labour, division of

      the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, with each task performed by a separate person or group of persons. It is most often applied to systems of mass production and is one of the basic organizing principles of the assembly line. Breaking down work into simple, repetitive tasks eliminates unnecessary motion and limits the handling of different tools and parts. The consequent reduction in production time and the ability to replace craftsmen with lower-paid, unskilled workers result in lower production costs and a less expensive final product. Contrary to popular belief, however, division of labour does not necessarily lead to a decrease in skills—known as proletarianization—among the working population. The Scottish economist Adam Smith (Smith, Adam) saw this splitting of tasks as a key to economic progress by providing a cheaper and more efficient means of producing goods.

      The French scholar Émile Durkheim (Durkheim, Émile) first used the phrase division of labour in a sociological sense in his discussion of social evolution. Rather than viewing division of labour as a consequence of a desire for material abundance, Durkheim stated that specialization arose from changes in social structure caused by an assumed natural increase in the size and density of population and a corresponding increase in competition for survival. Division of labour functioned to keep societies from breaking apart under these conditions.

      The intensive specialization in industrial societies—the refinement and simplification of tasks (especially associated with a machine technology) so that a worker often produces only a small part of a particular commodity—is not usually found in nonindustrialized societies. There is rarely a division of labour within an industry in nonliterate communities, except perhaps for the production of larger goods (such as houses or canoes); in these cases the division is often a temporary one, and each worker is competent to perform other phases of the task. There may be some specialization in types of product (e.g., one worker may produce pottery for religious uses; another, pottery for ordinary uses), but each worker usually performs all steps of the process.

      A division of labour based on sex appears to be universal, but the form that this takes varies widely across cultures. Divisions on the basis of age, clan affiliation, hereditary position, or guild membership, as well as regional and craft specialization, are also found.

* * *


Universalium. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • labour, division of — See division of labour …   Dictionary of sociology

  • division of labour — diˌvision of ˈlabour , division of labor noun divisions of labour PLURALFORM [countable, uncountable] ECONOMICS a way of organizing work in which each member of a group has one particular job to do instead of each member doing a share of all the… …   Financial and business terms

  • labour — la‧bour [ˈleɪbə ǁ ər] , labor noun [uncountable] 1. work involving a lot of physical or mental effort: • The garage charges £65 an hour for labour. • those involved in repetitive, unskilled manual labour (= work that involves using your …   Financial and business terms

  • labour — /lay beuhr/, n., v.i., v.t., adj. Chiefly Brit. labor. Usage. See or1. * * * I In economics, the general body of wage earners. In classical economics, labour is one of the three factors of production, along with capital and land. Labour can also… …   Universalium

  • Division of labour — is the specialisation of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and like roles. Historically an increasingly complex division of labour is closely associated with the growth of total output and trade, the rise of capitalism, and of… …   Wikipedia

  • Division of Labour & Transaction Costs —   Abbreviated title (ISO) DLTC Discipline Economics …   Wikipedia

  • Labour law — concerns the inequality of bargaining power between employers and workers. Labour law (also called labor law or employment law) is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights of, and restrictions on,… …   Wikipedia

  • Labour and Labour Legislation — • Labour is work done by mind or body either partly or wholly for the purpose of producing utilities Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Labour and Labour Legislation     Labour and Labour Legislation …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Labour Party (Malta) — Labour Party Partit Laburista Leader Joseph Muscat Founded 15 October …   Wikipedia

  • division of labour — The assigning of different functions to different agents • • • Main Entry: ↑division * * * division of labour UK US noun [singular] the way that the work that needs to be done is divided so that different people are responsible for different… …   Useful english dictionary

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”