Fonda, Henry

▪ American actor

in full  Henry Jaynes Fonda 

born May 16, 1905, Grand Island, Nebraska, U.S.

died August 12, 1982, Los Angeles, California

      American stage and motion-picture actor who appeared in more than 90 films over six decades and created quintessentially American heroes.

      Reared in Omaha, Nebraska, Fonda began acting at the Omaha Community Playhouse at the behest of Marlon Brando (Brando, Marlon, Jr.)'s mother, Dorothy, a Playhouse cofounder. After briefly studying journalism at the University of Minnesota and working as an office clerk, Fonda moved to the East Coast in 1928 to pursue his acting career. He soon joined the University Players Guild, a small summer-stock theatre troupe in Falmouth, Massachusetts, where he met, among others, Joshua Logan (Logan, Joshua), Jimmy Stewart (Stewart, James), and Margaret Sullavan, who became the first of his five wives. In 1934 Fonda played his first leading role on Broadway in The Farmer Takes a Wife and repeated the role in his movie debut the next year.

  Trained on the stage to project his voice, Fonda quickly adapted to film by underplaying his roles, which gave him a quietly intense screen persona. This reserved approach prevented him from becoming a romantic screen idol, although his good looks and adaptable presence made him a successful leading man in the period drama Jezebel (1938), with Bette Davis (Davis, Bette), and the romantic comedies The Lady Eve (1941), with Barbara Stanwyck (Stanwyck, Barbara), and The Big Street (1942), with Lucille Ball (Ball, Lucille). Fonda's frequent collaborations with director John Ford (Ford, John) produced a gallery of populist American icons, including the gentle, modest Abe Lincoln in Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), the dispossessed farmer and ex-convict Tom Joad in The Grapes of Wrath (1940), the legendary sheriff Wyatt Earp (Earp, Wyatt) in My Darling Clementine (1946), and the inflexible Lieutenant Colonel Owen Thursday in Fort Apache (1948). Although the typical Fonda character frequently moves in a world of men—the American West, the army, the navy—he is less a man of action than one of quiet thought. In films such as The Ox-Bow Incident (1943) and 12 Angry Men (1957), his characters embody the voice of conscience and reason. Their integrity and decency, rather than physical strength or athletic grace and exuberance, provide the impetus for their heroism.

      After serving in the U.S. Navy during World War II, Fonda starred in several films and in 1948 made a triumphant return to Broadway in the title role of Mister Roberts, which he played for three years and for which he won a Tony Award. He starred in two more successful Broadway productions—Point of No Return (1951) and The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial (1953)—before returning to Hollywood to make the screen version of Mister Roberts (1955).

 Fonda continued to alternate between Broadway and Hollywood and appeared occasionally on television. On the stage he gave acclaimed performances as a Nebraska lawyer involved with a young woman from the Bronx in Two for the Seesaw (1958), as Clarence Darrow in an eponymous one-man show (1974), and as a U.S. Supreme Court justice in First Monday in October (1977). His other notable film roles include those of an innocent man on trial for robbery in Alfred Hitchcock (Hitchcock, Sir Alfred)'s The Wrong Man (1956); an American president in Fail-Safe (1964); a villain (a rare role for Fonda) in Once upon a Time in the West (1969); a bit part in Wanda Nevada (1979), directed by and starring his son, Peter; and a cantankerous husband and father during what may be his last summer in On Golden Pond (1981), his final film, which costarred Katharine Hepburn (Hepburn, Katharine) and Fonda's daughter, Jane (Fonda, Jane), and for which he won an Academy Award as best actor. The previous year he had received an honorary Academy Award “in recognition of his brilliant accomplishments and enduring contribution to the art of motion pictures.” In 1978 the American Film Institute honoured him with its Life Achievement Award. Fonda published his memoirs, Fonda: My Life, cowritten with Howard Teichmann, in 1981.

Additional Reading

Tony Thomas, The Films of Henry Fonda (1990); Kevin Sweeney, Henry Fonda: A Bio-Bibliography (1992).

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