Bichat, Marie-François-Xavier

▪ French anatomist and physiologist

born Nov. 11/14, 1771, Thoirette, France

died July 22, 1802, Lyon

 French anatomist and physiologist whose systematic study of human tissues (tissue) helped found the science of histology.

      Bichat studied anatomy and surgery under Marc-Antoine Petit, chief surgeon at the Hôtel Dieu in Lyon. In 1793 he became a pupil, then assistant, of Pierre-Joseph Desault, surgeon and anatomist in Paris. After his teacher's death in 1795, Bichat completed the fourth volume of Desault's Journal de chirurgie, adding a biographical memoir of its author.

      In addition to his observations at the bedsides of patients at the Hôtel Dieu, Bichat studied the postmortem changes induced in various organs by disease. Without knowledge of the cell as the functional unit of living things, he was among the first to visualize the organs of the body as being formed through the differentiation of simple, functional units, or tissues. This view he developed in Traité des membranes (1800; “Treatise on Membranes”). Although Bichat did not use the microscope, he distinguished 21 kinds of tissues that enter into different combinations in forming the organs of the body. His Recherches physiologiques sur la vie et la mort (1800; “Physiological Researches on Life and Death”) was followed by Anatomie générale (1801). He published the first two volumes of Anatomie descriptive in 1801–03, and the third was completed by his pupils after his death. By order of Napoleon his bust, along with that of Desault, was placed in the Hôtel Dieu.

Additional Reading

Bichat's role in early French pathology is discussed in Russell C. Maulitz, Morbid Appearances: The Anatomy of Pathology in the Early Nineteenth Century (1987). Elizabeth Haigh, Xavier Bichat and the Medical Theory of the Eighteeth Century (1984), is also of interest.

* * *