Tukulor

Muslim people of Senegal and western Mali.

Because of extended contacts with the Fulani, the Tukulor speak a dialect of Fula, an Atlantic language of the Niger-Congo family. In the 10th–18th centuries they were dominated by a succession of non-Tukulor groups in the kingdom of Tekrur. About 1850 they established an empire and conquered the Bambara kingdoms of Kaarta and Segu and extended their empire to Timbuktu before it was destroyed by the French in 1890. Today the Tukulor raise livestock, fish, and cultivate millet and sorghum.

* * *

▪ people

also spelled  Tukolor  or  Toucouleur 

      a Muslim people who mainly inhabit Senegal, with smaller numbers in western Mali. Their origins are complex: they seem basically akin to the Serer and Wolof peoples, and contacts with the Fulani have greatly influenced their development. They speak the Fulani language, called Fula, which belongs to the Atlantic (Atlantic languages) branch of the Niger-Congo language family.

      From the 10th to the 18th century the Tukulor were organized in the kingdom of Tekrur, which, until the emergence of a Tukulor empire in the 18th century, was ruled by a succession of non-Tukulor groups. In the mid-19th century, many Tukulor supported a religious war against other groups in the area and, unsuccessfully, against the French. Defeated, many fled to present-day Mali, where they continue to live.

      The Tukulor embraced Islam in the 11th century and take great pride in their strong Islamic tradition. Their social structure is highly stratified and is based primarily on male lineage (patrilineage) groups, which are usually scattered among several villages. The typical household comprises a segment of a patrilineage (usually a father, his sons, and grandchildren), their wives, children, and sometimes more distant kin. The Tukulor are polygynous, although only some 20 percent of males have more than one wife. A bride-price, often substantial if the bride enjoys high social status, is required. High status attaches to membership in a noble lineage or a prosperous family; low status is associated with membership in certain artisan castes or with slave ancestry. Leadership in Muslim religious brotherhoods has in recent times assumed importance in status rankings.

      The Tukulor economy rests equally on stock raising, fishing, and cultivating such crops as millet and sorghum. A corollary of the hierarchical social structure is a marked inequality in the distribution of land; and this, together with a steadily rising population, has resulted in the emigration of considerable numbers of youth to the cities.

* * *