Taussig, Helen Brooke

born May 24, 1898, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.

died May 20, 1986, Kennett Square, Pa.

U.S. physician.

She received her medical degree from Johns Hopkins in 1927. As head of a Baltimore heart clinic (1930–63), she studied "blue babies" (babies whose heart malformations cause low blood oxygen content) and pioneered use of fluoroscopy and X rays to pinpoint the defect responsible for each set of symptoms. The surgical treatment she devised with Alfred Blalock saved thousands of such infants, and her research spurred development of other surgical treatments for heart disorders. Her Congenital Malformations of the Heart (2 vol., 1947) comprehensively described heart defects and diagnostic tools, techniques, and findings. She also played a key role in alerting U.S. physicians to the dangers of thalidomide.

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▪ American physician

born May 24, 1898, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.

died May 20, 1986, Kennett Square, Pa.

      American physician recognized as the founder of pediatric cardiology, best known for her contributions to the development of the first successful treatment of “blue baby” syndrome.

      Helen Taussig was born into a distinguished family as the daughter of Frank and Edith Guild Taussig. Her father was a prominent economics professor at Harvard University, and her mother was one of the first women to attend Radcliffe College (today known as the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study), an extension of Harvard that provided instruction for women. Although Taussig enjoyed a privileged upbringing, adversity cultivated in her a determination that later defined her character. As a child, the dyslexic Taussig laboured to become proficient in reading and was tutored by her father, who recognized the potential of her logical mind. When Taussig was 11, her mother died of tuberculosis, an illness Helen would later contract as well. However, these obstacles did not discourage Taussig from obtaining a university education. She enrolled at Radcliffe College in 1917, transferring to the University of California (California, University of), Berkeley, in 1919, where she earned an A.B. in 1921. Taussig aspired to study medicine at Harvard but was denied admission because the university did not accept women into its academic degree program. Instead, she attended the Boston University School of Medicine from 1922 to 1924 and graduated from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1927.

      Two individuals had a far-reaching impact on Taussig's career. First was Canadian pathologist Maude Abbott of McGill University in Montreal. Abbott was a strong-minded role model whose earlier studies of congenital heart disease created the foundation for Taussig's own research into heart disease. Then, while an intern at Johns Hopkins, Taussig's work attracted the attention of American pediatrician Edwards A. Park, the director and, later, the chief of pediatrics at Johns Hopkins. In 1930 Park elevated Taussig to director of Hopkins' Harriet Lane Clinic, a health care centre for children, making her one of the first women in the country to hold such a prestigious position.

      Taussig's career advanced, but her personal challenges mounted. In her 30s she grew deaf, and as a result she developed an innovative method to explore the beat of the human heart using her hands to compensate for her hearing loss. Relying on this method, Taussig noticed common beat patterns in the malformed hearts of infant patients who outwardly displayed a cyanotic hue and hence were known as “blue babies.” She traced the root of the problem to a lack of oxygenated blood circulating from the lungs (lung) to the heart. Taussig reasoned that the creation of an arterial patent ductus, or shunt, would alleviate the problem, and she championed the cause before American surgeon Alfred Blalock (Blalock, Alfred), Hopkins' chief of the department of surgery. Together they developed the Blalock-Taussig shunt, an artery-like tube designed to deliver oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart. On November 29, 1944, Eileen Saxton, an infant affected by tetralogy of Fallot (Fallot, tetralogy of), a congenital heart disorder that gives rise to blue baby syndrome and that was previously considered untreatable, became the first patient to survive a successfully implanted Blalock-Taussig shunt. The miracle surgery was touted in the American magazines Time and Life, as well as in newspapers around the world. Later, American laboratory technician Vivien Thomas was also recognized for his contributions to the surgery.

      Taussig was a prolific writer, publishing an astounding number of medical papers. In 1947 she wrote Congenital Malformations of the Heart, which was revised in 1960. Throughout her lifetime she received worldwide honours. She was awarded the Medal of Freedom by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson (Johnson, Lyndon B.) in 1964, and in 1965 Taussig became the first woman president of the American Heart Association. In addition, Taussig testified before the U.S. Congress (Congress of the United States) about the harmful effects of the drug thalidomide, which had produced deformed children in Europe.

      Taussig's ideas and determination have had long-lasting impacts on cardiology. Physicians originally believed the early blue babies could possibly endure a 40-year life span. At the turn of the 21st century, some of these early patients continued to survive into their sixth decade.

Karen McLaren

Additional Reading

Joyce Baldwin, To Heal the Heart of a Child, Helen Taussig M.D. (1992), is a biography written for young readers. Other information about Helen Taussig is documented in Edwards A. Park et al., The Harriet Lane Home: A Model and a Gem (2006); and A. McGehee Harvey et al., A Model of Its Kind (1989).Karen McLaren

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