Morgan, Lewis Henry

Morgan, Lewis Henry
born Nov. 21, 1818, near Aurora, N.Y., U.S.
died Dec. 17, 1881, Rochester, N.Y.

U.S. ethnologist and a principal founder of scientific anthropology.

Morgan developed a deep interest in the American Indians and in 1846 was eventually adopted by the Seneca. His Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family (1871) was a world survey of kinship systems that sought to establish connections between cultures and particularly to establish the Asiatic origin of the American Indians. This work led to a comprehensive theory of sociocultural evolution, set forth in Ancient Society (1877). He claimed that advances in social organization arose primarily from changes in food production and that society had progressed from a hunting-and-gathering stage ("savagery") to one of settled agriculture ("barbarism") to modern "civilization." This theory, with the related theory that society originated in a state of sexual promiscuity and advanced through various forms of family life before culminating in monogamy, is now obsolete. For many years, however, Morgan was the dean of American anthropology, and his pioneering ideas influenced the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, among others.

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▪ American anthropologist
born Nov. 21, 1818, near Aurora, N.Y., U.S.
died Dec. 17, 1881, Rochester, N.Y.

      American ethnologist and a principal founder of scientific anthropology, known especially for establishing the study of kinship systems and for his comprehensive theory of social evolution.

      An attorney by profession, Morgan practiced law at Rochester (1844–62) and served in the New York State Assembly (1861–68) and Senate (1868–69). In the early 1840s he developed a deep interest in Native Americans and over his lifetime championed their struggles against colonialism and oppression. While making an exhaustive survey of the history, social organization, and material culture of the Iroquois nation, he was adopted by the Seneca tribe (1846), the focus of his particular interest. Results of his observations appeared in The League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee, or Iroquois (1851).

      About 1856 Morgan's interest turned to the Seneca way of designating relatives, which differed markedly from Anglo-American convention. Upon discovering virtually identical designations among the Ojibwa of northern Michigan, he conjectured that if the system were also to be found in Asia, the Asiatic origin of the American Indians might be shown. He thereupon embarked on a series of far-flung investigations of the kinship terms used by the people of many other cultures. He gathered his results in his influential pioneer elaboration of kinship, Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family (1871). This work inaugurated the modern anthropological study of kinship systems as the basic organizing principle in most preindustrial societies.

      Morgan's kinship study led him to develop his theory of cultural evolution, which was set forth in Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization (1877). This was the first major scientific account of the origin and evolution of civilization, with illustrations of developmental stages drawn from various cultures. Morgan posited that advances in social organization arose primarily from changes in food production. Society had progressed from a hunting-and-gathering stage (which he denoted by the term “savagery”) to a stage of settled agriculture (“barbarism”) and then on to an urban society possessing a more advanced agriculture (“civilization”). Morgan's ideas about the development of technology over time have come to be regarded as generally correct in their fundamental aspects. His theory that human social life advanced from an initial stage of promiscuity through various forms of family life that culminated in monogamy has long been held obsolete, however.

      Morgan's emphasis on the importance of technological change and other purely material factors in cultural and social evolution attracted the attention of Karl Marx (Marx, Karl) and Friedrich Engels (Engels, Friedrich). That Ancient Society came to be regarded by Marxists as a classic was largely the result of the importance that Marx and Engels attached to it, because Morgan's own social allegiance was to the industrial and commercial middle class and its achievements. For a number of years Morgan remained the dean of American anthropology. Among his other works are The Indian Journals, 1859–1862 (1959) and, based on his extensive observations of non-human mammals, The American Beaver and His Works (1868).

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  • Morgan,Lewis Henry — Morgan, Lewis Henry. 1818 1881. American anthropologist who studied Native Americans, particularly the Seneca. His works include Ancient Society (1877). * * * …   Universalium

  • Morgan, Lewis Henry — ► (1818 81) Etnólogo estadounidense. Fue el propulsor de la antropología científica. * * * (21 nov. 1818, cerca de Aurora, N.Y., EE.UU.–17 dic. 1881, Rochester, N.Y.). Etnólogo estadounidense y uno de los principales fundadores de la antropología …   Enciclopedia Universal

  • Morgan, Lewis Henry — (1818 81) A New York State lawyer whose interest in the ethnography of native Americans led him to develop a kinship classification system (Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, 1871) that eventually yielded a conjectural… …   Dictionary of sociology

  • Lewis Henry Morgan — Lewis Henry Morgan. Lewis Henry Morgan (* 21. November 1818 in Aurora, New York; † 17. Dezember 1881) war ein US amerikanischer Anthropologe und Mitbegründer der Ethnologie. Er vertrat eine evolutionistisch orientierte Anthropologie …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Lewis Henry Morgan — Nombre Lewis Henry Mo …   Wikipedia Español

  • Lewis Henry Morgan — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Morgan. Lewis Henry Morgan …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Morgan Lewis Martin — (* 31. März 1805 in Martinsburg, Lewis County, New York; † 10. Dezember 1887 in Green Bay, Wisconsin) war ein US amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1845 und 1847 vertrat er das Wisconsin Territorium als Delegierter im US Repräsentante …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Lewis Henry Morgan — noun United States anthropologist who studied the Seneca (1818 1881) • Syn: ↑Morgan • Instance Hypernyms: ↑anthropologist …   Useful english dictionary

  • Morgan — Morgan, Lewis Henry …   Dictionary of sociology

  • Henry Lewis Morgan — Lewis Henry Morgan. Lewis Henry Morgan (* 21. November 1818 in Aurora, New York; † 17. Dezember 1881) war ein US amerikanischer Anthropologe und Mitbegründer der Ethnologie. Er vertrat eine evolutionistisch orientierte Anthropologie …   Deutsch Wikipedia

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