- Howe, William Howe, 5th Viscount
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born Aug. 10, 1729died July 12, 1814, Plymouth, Devonshire, Eng.British military commander.The brother of Adm. Richard Howe, he fought in the last French and Indian War (1754–63), in which he earned a reputation as one of the army's most brilliant young generals. In the American Revolution, he succeeded Thomas Gage as supreme commander of British forces in North America in 1776. He soon captured New York City and the surrounding area, and in 1777 he led British troops to victories at the Battles of the Brandywine and of Germantown. Moving his forces to Philadelphia, he left troops under John Burgoyne vulnerable in New York state, thus contributing to the British defeat at the Battles of Saratoga. He resigned in 1778 and was succeeded by Henry Clinton.
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▪ British military commanderborn Aug. 10, 1729died July 12, 1814, Plymouth, Devonshire, Eng.commander in chief of the British army in North America (1776–78) who, despite several military successes, failed to destroy the Continental Army and stem the American Revolution.Brother of Adm. Richard Lord Howe (Howe, Richard Howe, Earl, Baron Howe of Langar), William Howe had been active in North America during the last French and Indian War (1754–63), in which he earned a reputation as one of the army's most brilliant young generals. Sent in 1775 to reinforce Gen. Thomas Gage (Gage, Thomas) in the Siege of Boston (Boston, Siege of), he led the left wing in three costly but finally successful assaults in the Battle of Bunker Hill (Bunker Hill, Battle of).Assuming supreme command the following year, Howe transferred his forces southward and captured the strategic port city of New York, severely defeating the Americans at the Battle of Long Island (Long Island, Battle of). A competent tactician, he preferred maneuver to battle, partly to conserve scarce British manpower, but also in the hopes of demonstrating British military superiority so convincingly that the Americans would accept negotiation and reconciliation with Britain.When active operations were resumed in June 1777, Howe moved his troops to the south bank of the Delaware River and won two successive victories over the Americans at the Battle of Brandywine (Brandywine, Battle of the) (September) and the Battle of Germantown (Germantown, Battle of) (October). His next winter was spent in the occupation of Philadelphia. Howe recognized his failure, however, to destroy the modest force of Gen. George Washington (Washington, George), then encamped at nearby Valley Forge. His Pennsylvania campaign had furthermore exposed the troops of Gen. John Burgoyne (Burgoyne, John) in upper New York State and led to the disastrous British defeat at the Battle of Saratoga (Saratoga, Battles of) that fall. Under increasing criticism from the British press and government, Howe resigned his command before the start of operations in 1778.Returning to England, Howe saw no more active service but held a number of important home commands. He succeeded to the viscountcy on the death of his brother in 1799; upon his own death, without issue, the peerage expired.Dennis E. Showalter* * *
Universalium. 2010.
