Fyodor III

Russian Fyodor Alekseyevich

born May 30, 1661, Moscow, Russia

died April 27, 1682, Moscow

Tsar of Russia (1676–82).

He ascended the throne on the death of his father, Alexis, but youth and poor health prevented him from actively participating in government. Various advisers dominated his administration, notably Vasily Golitsyn, who instituted military reforms, limited the power of the aristocracy, and fostered the development of Western culture. The childless Fyodor was succeeded by his brother Ivan V and half brother Peter I, for whose widespread reforms Fyodor's reign had laid the groundwork.

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▪ tsar of Russia

in full  Fyodor Alekseyevich  

born May 30 [June 9, New Style], 1661, Moscow, Russia

died April 27 [May 7], 1682, Moscow

      tsar of Russia (reigned 1676–82) who fostered the development of Western culture in Russia, thereby making it easier for his successor, Peter I the Great (reigned 1682–1725), to enact widespread reforms based on Western models.

      The eldest son of Alexis (reigned 1645–76), Fyodor not only was educated in the traditional subjects of Russian and Church Slavonic but also was tutored in Polish and Latin by Simeon Polotsky, a noted theologian who had studied in Kiev and Poland. When Alexis died, Fyodor ascended the throne (Jan. 19 [Jan. 29], 1676), but his youth and poor health prevented him from actively participating in the conduct of government affairs. His uncle Ivan B. Miloslavsky assumed the dominant position in Fyodor's government at first, but he was soon displaced by two courtiers, I.M. Yazykov and A.T. Likhachev, who shared Fyodor's educational background and who, in spite of objections from the Russian Orthodox clergy, promoted the spread of Polish customs, Roman Catholic religious doctrines, and Latin books among the Russian aristocracy. After 1681 Vasily V. Golitsyn (Golitsyn, Vasily Vasilyevich, Knyaz) became the most significant figure in Fyodor's administration; under his influence vast military reforms were undertaken, and the system of mestnichestvo, by which a noble was appointed to a service position on the basis of his family's rank in the hierarchy of boyars, was abolished (1682).

      When Fyodor died childless, he was succeeded, after some dispute, by both his brother, Ivan V (coruled 1682–96), and his half-brother, Peter I (coruled 1682–96; reigned alone 1696–1725); his sister Sophia Alekseyevna served as regent for the two young tsars (1682–89).

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