Bulgar

Bulgar
/bul"geuhr, bool"gahr/, n.
Bulgarian (def. 1).

* * *

people
also called  Bulgarian,  

      member of a people known in eastern European history during the Middle Ages. One branch of this people was an ancestor of the modern Bulgarians.

      The Bulgars probably originated as a Turkic (Turkic peoples) tribe of Central Asia and arrived in the European steppe west of the Volga River with the Huns about AD 370; retreating with the Huns, they resettled about 460 in an arc of country north and east of the Sea of Azov. Hired by the Byzantines (Byzantine Empire) in 480 to fight against the Ostrogoths, the Bulgars subsequently became attracted by the wealth of the Byzantine Empire. In the 6th century the Bulgars continually attacked the Danubian provinces of the Byzantine Empire until, in the 560s, they were themselves threatened by the Avars, who were then advancing from Asia into central Europe. The Avars destroyed one Bulgar tribe, but the rest saved themselves by submitting, for two decades, to another horde of Turkic newcomers, most of whom then retreated back into Asia.

      Unified under a single ruler, Kurt, or Kubrat (reigned c. 605–c. 642), the Bulgars constituted a powerful khanate known to the Byzantines as Great Bulgaria, with the Kuban River as its southern frontier. After Kurt's death his five sons split the people into five hordes. One of these five, remaining on the coast of the Sea of Azov, was absorbed into the new empire of the Khazars; another migrated to central Europe and was merged with the Avars; and another disappeared into service under the Lombards in Italy. Two of the five hordes, however, had longer futures.

      Kurt's son Bezmer, or Bat-Bayan, avoided the Khazars by leading his horde far to the north, where it eventually occupied an ill-defined country around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers. Subdivided there into three groups (probably through mergers with indigenous peoples or with other immigrants), the horde maintained itself in prosperity for some 600 years. These Volga Bulgars formed not so much a state as a seminomadic confederation, but they had two cities, Bulgar and Suvar, which profited as transshipment points in the trade between the fur-selling Ugrians and Russians of the far north and the southern civilizations—Byzantium, the Muslim Caliphate of Baghdad, and Turkistan. The Volga Bulgars were converted to Islām about 922. In 1237 they were made subject to the Mongol Golden Horde, and, though the city of Bulgar flourished for a long time afterward, the people gradually lost their identity and were mingled with the Russians.

      The fifth product of the breakup of Great Bulgaria was the horde that Kurt's son Asparukh led westward across the Dniester River and then southward across the Danube. There, on the plain between the Danube and the Balkan Mountains, they established the kernel of the so-called first Bulgarian empire—the state from which the modern nation of Bulgaria derives its name. In the 7th century the Danubian region was nominally controlled by the Byzantine Empire, and it was inhabited by Vlachs (Vlach) (ancestors of the modern Romanians) and also very largely by recently arrived Slavs. The conquering Bulgars were soon permeated by Vlach and, even more thoroughly, by Slavic elements. At the same time, their conquests were carrying them deeper into the ambit of Byzantine Christianity. Territorial expansion into Serbia and Macedonia under Krum (khan 803–814) and under Pressian (836–852) was followed by the conversion of the Bulgars to Christianity under Boris I. The new church's liturgy was in the Slavic language as spoken in the Bulgars' Macedonian possessions, and this language, now known as Old Church Slavonic, proved to be a powerful agent in creating a common culture among the Bulgars and Slavs. By the time Bulgaria was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire early in the 11th century, the Bulgars and Slavs had melded into a Slavic-speaking, Christianized people essentially identical to today's Bulgarians.

      Boris I's son Simeon I, who was acknowledged as tsar, or emperor, of the Bulgars, brought the first empire to its acme as a Balkan power, even though he had to give up the lands north of the Danube to fresh invaders from the Eurasian steppe. As invasions of the Balkan Peninsula from the north continued intermittently over the next four centuries, the Turkic element in the Bulgarians' ethnic makeup was somewhat reinforced against the Slavic by strains derived from the Pechenegs, Kipchaks, and Cumans—all Turkic peoples.

      After Simeon's death the first Bulgarian empire was undermined by internal divisions and invasions of Magyars, Pechenegs, Rus, and Byzantines. In 1018 Bulgaria was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire. An anti-Byzantine revolt of the Balkan peoples in 1185 produced the second Bulgarian empire, and by 1241 the Bulgarian tsars of the house of Asen (1185–1280) were supreme in most of the lands from the Danube River to the Aegean Sea and from the Adriatic to the Black Sea. But Mongol attacks from the north, Serbian encroachment on the west, and internal rivalry among the successors of the Asens eroded this second empire, and in 1396 it fell to the Ottoman (Ottoman Empire) Turks, who were overrunning the Balkans from the south.

      Throughout the long period of direct Ottoman rule (1396–1878), the Bulgarians' obstinate Christianity prevented their being merged completely with the Muslim Turks, while their retention of a Slavic language kept them from absorption by the Greeks predominant in the Eastern Orthodox church as recognized by the Ottomans. In 1878 an autonomous Bulgarian principality under Ottoman suzerainty was established. Bulgaria was declared independent, as a tsardom or kingdom, in 1908.

* * *


Universalium. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Búlgar — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda El conde Búlgar fue un noble visigodo del siglo VII. Es conocido gracias a las cartas que escribió durante el corto reinado de Gundemaro (610 612). El epistolario de Búlgar, pese a su modestia, ofrece datos muy… …   Wikipedia Español

  • bulgar — BULGÁR, Ă, bulgari, e, s.m. şi f., adj. 1. s.m. pl. Populaţie turcică, aşezată la sfârşitul sec. VII în regiunea de nord est a Bulgariei, unde, în sec. VII IX, a fost asimilată de slavi. 2. s.m. şi f. Persoană care face parte din populaţia de… …   Dicționar Român

  • Bulgar — may refer to: *Bulgars, an ancient group of peoples from Central Asia *Bulgar language, the extinct language of the Bulgars *Bulgarians, a contemporary nation in Eastern Europe *Bolghar, a capital city of the Volga Bulgaria *Bulgur, a wheat… …   Wikipedia

  • Bulgär — Bulgär, 1) Ruinen einer Stadt im Kreise Samara des russischen Gouvernements Simbirsk bei der Stadt Biljarsk; wurde von Timur Aksack eingenommen u. zerstört, dann von Tataren bewohnt u. Bulimer genannt; jetzt sind noch Theile der Wälle u. einige… …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Bulgar [1] — Bulgar, Stadt, s. Bolgár …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Bulgar [2] — Bulgar (Bulgaris), Jewgenij (Eugenius), russ. Kirchenschriftsteller und gründlicher Kenner der griechischen Sprache, geb. 1715 auf der Insel Korfu, bekleidete seit 1742 Lehrämter zu Janina und dann zu Kohani in Makedonien, auf dem Berg Athos… …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Bulgar — (Bolgar), Ruinen, s. Bolgary …   Kleines Konversations-Lexikon

  • bulgăr — BÚLGĂR s.m. v. bulgăre. Trimis de valeriu, 13.09.2007. Sursa: DEX 98 …   Dicționar Român

  • Bulgar — 1759, inhabitant of Bulgaria (Bulgarian is attested from 1550s), from M.L. Bulgarus (see BULGARIA (Cf. Bulgaria)) …   Etymology dictionary

  • Bulgar — [bul′gär΄, bool′gär] n., adj. BULGARIAN …   English World dictionary

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”