Surratt, Mary

▪ American businesswoman

in full  Mary Elizabeth Surratt , née  Jenkins 

born May/June 1823, near Waterloo, Maryland, U.S.

died July 7, 1865, Washington, D.C.

      American boardinghouse operator, who, with three others, was convicted of conspiracy to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln, Abraham).

      At age 17 Mary Jenkins married John Harrison Surratt, a land owner. Following a fire that destroyed their home, the couple in 1852 opened a tavern that also served as their residence. By 1857 John Surratt had fallen into serious debt, and the outbreak of the American Civil War completed his ruin; he died in 1862. The couple's youngest son, John, returned to help run the tavern, and during the war it became a safe house for Confederates. In 1864 Mary rented the tavern to John Lloyd and moved her family to Washington, D.C., where she opened a boardinghouse. Among her son's pro-Southern friends who met at her boardinghouse was John Wilkes Booth (Booth, John Wilkes), a well-known actor who conspired with John Surratt and others to kidnap Lincoln. When the Confederacy fell, Booth instead assassinated Lincoln on April 14, 1865, and died resisting capture.

      Mary Surratt was arrested with Lewis Payne (who had wounded William Seward, the secretary of state), George Atzerodt (who had failed to murder Vice President Andrew Johnson (Johnson, Andrew)), David Herold (who had accompanied Atzerodt), and two other alleged conspirators. She stood trial on May 12, 1865, before a nine-man military commission. Although Surratt proclaimed her innocence, several witnesses provided damaging testimony, including boardinghouse lodger Louis Weichmann and John Lloyd. Lloyd testified that she had told him to ready rifles and other items for Booth and Herold, who were to arrive at the tavern late on the evening of Lincoln's assassination. On July 5, 1865, all the defendants were found guilty, though only four—Surratt included—were sentenced to hang. Five members of the commission, however, recommended that President Johnson commute Surratt's sentence to life in prison. Accounts differ on whether Johnson ever received the request, and Surratt and the others were hanged within 48 hours. In 1867 John Surratt was captured and later tried before a civil court. His trial ended in a hung jury.

      Mary Surratt's conviction proved controversial, and historians have long debated whether she was guilty. Some believe that while she possibly knew about the kidnap plot, she was unaware of the plan to assassinate Lincoln. Questions were also raised about the trial's setting, as it was argued that her case should have been held before a civil court.

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