Scottish literature

      a body of writing that includes works in Scottish Gaelic, Lowland Scottish (or Lallans), standard English employed by Scots, and various combinations of English and Scottish languages.

      A brief treatment of Scottish literature follows. For full treatment, see Celtic literature: Scottish Gaelic (Celtic literature); English literature.

      The earliest extant Lowland Scottish (Scots language) literature dates from the second half of the 14th century. The first writer of note was John Barbour (Barbour, John), who wrote The Bruce (1376), a poem on the exploits of King Robert I the Bruce. Harry the Minstrel (Blind Harry, or Henry the Minstrel) continued the Barbour tradition of military epic by composing the heroic romance Sir William Wallace in the late 15th century. More prophetic of the sophisticated poetry that was to follow was The Kingis Quair (Kingis Quair, The) (The King's Book), attributed to King James I of Scotland. It contains possibly the finest major love poem of the 15th century and ushered in the great age of Scottish literature—the years 1425 to 1550. The leading figures—Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas, and Sir David Lindsay—were strongly influenced by the works of Geoffrey Chaucer, but their courtly romances and dream allegories show a distinctively ornamental use of language that has a rich etymological and idiomatic texture. The elaborate style of their poetry has been termed excessive and artificial, but they succeeded in enlarging the Scottish literary use of the vernacular and managed to combine elements of satire and fantasy with an ideal of poetic utterance and diction that marked the apogee of the national literature.

      Scottish prose during this period underwent its own significant development, particularly from 1450 to 1630. The first original literary prose appears in the theological writing of John Ireland, who was active in the 1480s. The inflexible and limited language of the 15th century became plainer and less Latinized in the historical writings of John Bellenden and John Leslie and especially in John Knox's History of the Reformation in Scotland (1567). Standing by itself is the Complaynte of Scotland (1548–49), which is interesting both as an exposition of Scottish patriotism and as an experiment in the various usages of Scottish prose.

      The 17th century was an undistinguished age for literature in Lowland Scots. The union of the English and Scottish crowns in one person in 1603 and the removal of the Scottish court to England deprived writers of the court patronage that, in the absence of a wealthy and leisured middle class, was indispensable to the continued existence of secular literature in the vernacular. Ballads such as Robert Sempill's Life and Death of Habbie Simson, however, kept the vernacular tradition alive at the edges of an increasingly Anglicized body of Scottish writing.

      In the early part of the 18th century there developed a cultural reaction against the implications of the union of England with Scotland (1707). This reaction was marked by the appearance of numerous anthologies of both popular and literary Scottish verse. Such works as James Watson's Choice Collection of Comic and Serious Scots Poems (1706) and Allan Ramsay's Ever Green (1724), however, while deliberately invoking past achievements in the Scottish language, could serve only to highlight the gradual Anglicization of the Scottish language. This process ultimately led to the development of such major Scottish poets as Robert Burns and Robert Fergusson, who wrote in both English and Lowland Scots and produced bodies of work that led to the enrichment of both English and Scottish literature. They were not followed, however, by any significant Scottish literature for more than a century.

      After World War I there occurred a “renaissance” in Scottish literature, especially in poetry. There arose an attempt to restore the prestige of the Scottish Gaelic language (Scots Gaelic language), making it a medium capable of expressing modern European intellectual concepts and universal ideas. Also called the Lallans (Lowlands) revival, it was a revitalization of the Lowland Scottish dialect, which had gradually degenerated, after the death of Robert Burns, into a vehicle of complacency and homeliness. The Scottish renaissance centred on Hugh MacDiarmid (MacDiarmid, Hugh), a poet who expressed modern ideas in an eclectic blend of archaic words revived from the 16th century and the various Scottish dialects. The renaissance was further stimulated by the Saltire Society (1936–60), which published the quarterly Saltire Review to encourage research and writing in Scottish Gaelic. The enriched language that emerged was sometimes called by its critics synthetic Scots, or plastic Scots. The new intellectual climate also influenced the development, after World War II, of a new generation of Scottish poets called the Lallans Makars (the “Lowlands Makers”) of poetry. Among the notable Scottish writers of the latter half of the 20th century are George Mackay Brown (Brown, George Mackay), who celebrated Orkney life in verse, short stories, and novels; Muriel Spark (Spark, Dame Muriel), who wrote witty, enigmatic stories and novels; and Douglas Dunn (Dunn, Douglas), who is best known for his poems about working-class life.

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