Bloembergen, Nicolaas

▪ American physicist

born March 11, 1920, Dordrecht, Neth.

      Dutch-born American physicist, corecipient with Arthur Leonard Schawlow (Schawlow, Arthur L.) of the United States and Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn (Siegbahn, Kai Manne Börje) of Sweden (qq.v.) of the 1981 Nobel Prize for Physics for their revolutionary spectroscopic studies of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Bloembergen made a pioneering use of lasers in these investigations.

      Bloembergen received undergraduate (1941) and graduate (1943) degrees from the University of Utrecht. In 1946 he entered Harvard University, where with Edward Purcell and Robert Pound he did fundamental research on nuclear magnetic resonance. After receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Leiden in 1948, he returned to Harvard, where he became a professor of applied physics in 1951 and Gerhard Gade university professor in 1980. He became a U.S. citizen in 1958.

      Bloembergen's early research on nuclear magnetic resonance led him to an interest in masers (maser). He designed a three-stage crystal maser that was dramatically more powerful than earlier gaseous masers and that has become the most widely used microwave amplifier. Bloembergen then developed laser spectroscopy, which allows high-precision observations of atomic structure. His laser spectroscopic investigations led him in turn to formulate nonlinear optics, a new theoretical approach to the analysis of how electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter. Bloembergen's research in nonlinear optics helped procure him a share of the Nobel Prize.

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