Ali Haji bin Raja Amhad, Raja

▪ Bugis-Malay prince, historian, and scholar

born c. 1809, , Penyengat, Riau, East Indies [now in Indonesia]

died c. 1870, , Riau

      Bugis-Malay prince who, as a scholar and historian, led a renaissance in Malay letters in the mid-19th century.

      A grandson of the famed Bugis leader Raja Haji, Raja Ali was born into the Bugis-Malay world of the Riau-Lingga archipelago, last legacy outside the Malay Peninsula of the kingdom of Johore, just before it came under final Dutch domination. As a youth he accompanied his father on a mission to Batavia (now Jakarta) and on a pilgrimage to Mecca, and by the age of 32 he was joint regent of Lingga for its young Malay sultan.

      Raja Ali, a man of affairs, was also a religious and literary scholar and did much to establish Riau as the intellectual centre of the Malay world in the mid-19th century. His own writings include several didactic texts, such as Muqaddimah fi intizām (1857; “Introduction to Order”) on the duties of kings, a Johnsonian dictionary of Malay usage, Kitab Pengetahuan Bahasa (c. 1869; “Book of Linguistic Knowledge”), and the historical work Silsilah Melayu dan Bugis (1865; “Malay and Bugis Genealogy”). His most outstanding contribution to learning, however, is the history begun by his father that he rewrote and expanded as the Tuhfat al-Nafis (c. 1866; “Precious Gift”), which remains an invaluable source for the history of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra.

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