Maliki, Nuri al-

Maliki, Nuri al-
▪ 2007

      The new Iraqi prime minister, Nuri al-Maliki, was faced in 2006 with violent and intractable warfare between Sunni and Shiʿite militias and a rampant anti-American and antigovernment insurgency, which together created a lack of security and economic paralysis in the country. Maliki found himself trying desperately to rein in the escalating sectarian violence that threatened to devolve into all-out civil war. He met in November with U.S. Pres. George W. Bush, and the two agreed that the U.S.-led coalition forces would hasten a transfer of control over Iraqi security to Maliki's government, which had been formed on May 20. In December Prime Minister Maliki announced that he would adopt a regional approach and invite neighbouring countries to help address Iraq's problems.

      Nuri Kamal al-Maliki was born on July 1, 1950, in a village near Hillah, Iraq. His grandfather was a prominent poet and briefly (1926) a government minister. Maliki earned a B.A. (1973) in Islamic studies at Usul al-Din College in Baghdad and an M.A. (1992) in Arabic literature at Salah al-Din University in Irbil, Iraq. In 1963 he joined the Daʿwah, an underground Shiʿite political party. Despite party splits, Maliki remained faithful to the original faction. In 1979, facing persecution from Saddam Hussein's regime, he left Iraq for Jordan and then moved to Syria and later Iran, where he arrived in 1982. The Iraqi government condemned him to death in absentia in 1980. In Iran he joined hundreds of thousands of Iraqi Shiʿites who had fled their homeland or been deported to Iran by Saddam. Maliki spent most of the decade of the Iran-Iraq War (1980–90) in Iran, and in 1989 he relocated to Damascus, where he became the head of the Daʿwah Party's Syrian branch.

      After the fall of the Baʿth regime in April 2003, Maliki returned to Iraq. He became deputy head of the committee responsible for purging former Baʿth Party officials from government jobs and was elected to the Transitional National Assembly in 2005. He served as the senior Shiʿite member of the Assembly's committee charged with drafting the new Iraqi permanent constitution. In the general election of Dec. 15, 2005, Maliki was reelected a member of the Assembly as part of the United Iraqi Alliance (UIA), the Shiʿite bloc. The UIA won a plurality of seats and chose a Shiʿite, Ibrahim al-Jaafari, another Daʿwah Party leader, to be the first full-term prime minister. Jaafari's candidacy, however, was opposed by the Arab Sunni and the Kurds, who regarded him as a divisive figure. Following a four-month ministerial crisis, the UIA nominated Maliki in April 2006, and he became the new prime minister. He formed a government of national unity with a cabinet that included not only UIA leaders but also members of the Arab Sunni, Kurdish, and secular blocs. Though known throughout his years in exile as Jawad, Maliki decided in April 2006 to resume using his birth name of Nuri.

Louay Bahry

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▪ prime minister of Iraq
also spelled  Nouri al-Maliki , in full  Nūrī Kāmil al-Mālikī , also called  Jawad al-Mālikī 
born July 1, 1950, near Al-Ḥillah, Iraq

      politician who became prime minister of Iraq in 2006.

      Mālikī's grandfather was a prominent poet and briefly (1926) a government minister. Mālikī earned a B.A. (1973) in Islamic studies at Uṣūl al-Dīn College in Baghdad and an M.A. (1992) in Arabic literature at Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn University in Irbīl, Iraq. In 1963 he joined the Daʿwah, an underground Shīʿite political party. Despite party splits, Mālikī remained faithful to the original faction. In 1979, facing persecution from Ṣaddām Ḥussein's regime, he left Iraq for Jordan and then moved to Syria and later Iran, where he arrived in 1982. The Iraqi government condemned him to death in absentia in 1980. In Iran he joined hundreds of thousands of Iraqi Shīʿites who had fled their homeland or been deported to Iran by Ṣaddām. Mālikī spent most of the decade of the Iran-Iraq War (1980–88) in Iran, and in 1989 he relocated to Damascus, where he became the head of the Daʿwah Party's Syrian branch.

      After U.S.-led forces toppled the Baʿth (Baʿth Party) regime in April 2003, Mālikī returned to Iraq. (See Iraq War.) He became deputy head of the committee responsible for purging former Baʿth Party officials from government jobs and was elected to the Transitional National Assembly in 2005. He served as the senior Shīʿite member of the assembly's committee that was charged with drafting the new Iraqi permanent constitution. In the general election of Dec. 15, 2005, Mālikī was reelected a member of the assembly as part of the United Iraqi Alliance (UIA), the Shīʿite bloc. The UIA won a plurality of seats and chose a Shīʿite, Ibrāhīm al-Jaʿfarī, another Daʿwah Party leader, to be the first full-term prime minister. Jaʿfarī's candidacy, however, was opposed by the Arab Sunni (Sunnite)s and the Kurds, who regarded him as a divisive figure. Following a four-month ministerial crisis, the UIA nominated Mālikī in April 2006, and he became the new prime minister. He formed a government of national unity with a cabinet that included not only UIA leaders but also members of the Arab Sunni, Kurdish, and secular blocs. Though known throughout his years in exile as Jawad, Mālikī decided in April 2006 to resume using his birth name of Nūrī.

Louay Y. Bahry
      Mālikī's prime ministership was marred by instability. Violent and intractable warfare (Iraq War) between Sunni and Shīʿite militias and a rampant anti-American and antigovernment insurgency together created economic paralysis and a lack of security in the country. An increase in U.S. troop levels in early 2007 had some initial success in stemming the violence, but Mālikī failed to achieve any significant political progress. In March 2008 in Baghdad he met with Iranian Pres. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud), whose country supported Mālikī's government; it was the first visit by an Iranian leader to Iraq in nearly 30 years. Later that month Mālikī launched a government operation against the Shīʿite militia of Muqtadā al-Ṣadr (Ṣadr, Muqtadā al-) in Al-Baṣrah; the fighting ended only after Ṣadr ordered a cease-fire. Although Mālikī called the offensive a success, many believed that his government had been further weakened.

Ed.
 

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Universalium. 2010.

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