drum

drum
drum1
/drum/, n., pl. drums, (esp. collectively for 11) drum, v., drummed, drumming.
n.
1. a musical percussion instrument consisting of a hollow, usually cylindrical, body covered at one or both ends with a tightly stretched membrane, or head, which is struck with the hand, a stick, or a pair of sticks, and typically produces a booming, tapping, or hollow sound.
2. any hollow tree or similar object or device used in this way.
3. the sound produced by such an instrument, object, or device.
4. any rumbling or deep booming sound.
5. a natural organ by which an animal produces a loud or bass sound.
6. eardrum.
7. any cylindrical object with flat ends.
8. a cylindrical part of a machine.
9. a cylindrical box or receptacle, esp. a large, metal one for storing or transporting liquids.
10. Also called tambour. Archit.
a. any of several cylindrical or nearly cylindrical stones laid one above the other to form a column or pier.
b. a cylindrical or faceted construction supporting a dome.
11. any of several marine and freshwater fishes of the family Sciaenidae that produce a drumming sound.
12. Computers. See magnetic drum.
13. Archaic. an assembly of fashionable people at a private house in the evening.
14. a person who plays the drum.
15. Australian Informal. reliable, confidential, or profitable information: to give someone the drum.
16. beat the drum, to promote, publicize, or advertise: The boss is out beating the drum for a new product.
v.i.
17. to beat or play a drum.
18. to beat on anything rhythmically, esp. to tap one's fingers rhythmically on a hard surface.
19. to make a sound like that of a drum; resound.
20. (of ruffed grouse and other birds) to produce a sound resembling drumming.
v.t.
21. to beat (a drum) rhythmically; perform by beating a drum: to drum a rhythm for dancers.
22. to call or summon by, or as if by, beating a drum.
23. to drive or force by persistent repetition: to drum an idea into someone.
24. to fill a drum with; store in a drum: to drum contaminated water and dispose of it.
25. drum out,
a. (formerly) to expel or dismiss from a military service in disgrace to the beat of a drum.
b. to dismiss in disgrace: He was drummed out of the university for his gambling activities.
26. drum up,
a. to call or summon by, or as if by, beating a drum.
b. to obtain or create (customers, trade, interest, etc.) through vigorous effort: They were unable to drum up enthusiasm for the new policies.
c. to concoct; devise: to drum up new methods of dealing with urban crime.
[1535-45; back formation from drumslade drum, drummer, alter. of D or LG trommelslag drumbeat, equiv. to trommel drum + slag beat (akin to slagen to beat; c. SLAY)]
drum2
/drum/, n. Scot., Irish Eng.
a long, narrow hill or ridge.
[1715-25; < Ir and ScotGael druim]

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I
Musical instrument, the sound of which is produced by the vibration of a stretched membrane.

Drums are usually either cylindrical or bowl-shaped. The drum is a universal instrument and very ancient; a drum dating to 6000 BC has been found in Moravia. Drums have been important ritually in cultures worldwide. They may have a definite pitch or be unpitched; those of Africa, South and Southeast Asia (see tabla), and the Middle East are mostly pitched, whereas Western drums are more often unpitched. Drumming has attained its highest degree of development in Africa and India. From the 13th century, the folk dance in Europe was accompanied by a single musician playing simultaneously the pipe or fife and the tabor, a small double-headed snare drum played with one stick. The side drum, or snare drum, has coiled wires or gut strings strung across the lower head, which vibrate against it when the upper head is struck. The powerful bass drum is used especially in marching bands. The pitched timpani are the standard orchestral drums. Until the 17th century, drum parts in Western music were entirely improvised. The drum set used in popular music is played by a single person and normally includes a snare drum, tom-toms, a pedal-operated bass drum, and suspended and hi-hat cymbals.
II

In biology, any of about 160 species (family Sciaenidae) of carnivorous, generally bottom-dwelling fishes.

Most are marine, found along warm and tropical seashores. Most can "vocalize" by moving strong muscles attached to the air bladder, which acts as a resonating chamber, amplifying the sounds. Drums have two dorsal fins and are usually silvery. The weakfishes, sea trouts, and squeteagues (genus Cynoscion) have a large mouth, jutting jaws, and canine teeth, but most drums have an underslung lower jaw and small teeth. The largest species, the totuava, weighs up to 225 lbs (100 kg), but other species are much smaller. Many drums are food or game fishes. See also bass, kingfish.

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      in architecture, any of the cylindrical stone blocks composing a column that is not a monolith. The term also denotes a circular or polygonal wall supporting a dome, cupola, or lantern (qq.v.).

      in packaging, cylindrical container commonly made of metal or fibreboard. steel drums with capacities ranging up to 100 U.S. gallons (379 litres) have been produced since about 1903; the sizes less than 12 gallons (45 litres) are called pails. The most common drums are made of 18-gauge (0.048-inch, or 1.2-millimetre, thick) steel and contain 55 gallons (208 litres); they become the property of the buyer of the contents. Heavier drums or those made of more expensive metals (aluminum, Monel, stainless steel, or nickel) commonly remain the property of the vendor. Provided with a protective interior coating, in most cases a synthetic resin, steel drums or pails can be used for packaging most liquid and solid substances, and they have largely replaced wooden barrels and kegs.

      Fibreboard drums have been produced since early in the 20th century. They are made with ends of steel or paperboard in sizes up to 75 gallons and are cheap and lightweight. They are commonly resin-coated or lined with loose plastic bags for packaging solid materials.

fish
also called  croaker,  

      in biology, any of about 275 species of fishes of the family Sciaenidae (order Perciformes); drums are carnivorous, generally bottom-dwelling fishes. Most are marine, found along warm and tropical seashores. A number inhabit temperate or fresh waters. Most are noisemakers and can “vocalize” by moving strong muscles attached to the air bladder, which acts as a resonating chamber, amplifying the sounds.

      Drums have two dorsal fins and are usually silvery in colour. The weakfishes, seatrouts, and squeteagues (Cynoscion) have large mouths, jutting lower jaws, and canine teeth, but most drums have underslung lower jaws and small teeth. Some have whiskerlike barbels on the chin. The largest member of the family, weighing up to 100 kg (225 pounds), is the totuava (Totoaba macdonaldi) of the Gulf of California; most other species are much smaller.

      Although the name croaker, or drum, is applied to the family as a whole and to certain species, some of the sciaenids are known by such names as corbina, whiting, weakfish, and channel bass. Many members of the family are food or game fishes. Among the better-known species are the channel bass, or red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), a large, reddish species of the western Atlantic Ocean; the white seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) of the eastern Pacific; the freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), a silvery, lake-and-river fish of the Americas; the kingfish, or whiting (Menticirrhus saxatilis), of the Atlantic, notable among drums in that it lacks an air bladder; and the sea drum, or black drum (Pogonias cromis), a gray or coppery red, western Atlantic fish.

 musical instrument, the sound of which is produced by the vibration of a stretched membrane (it is thus classified as a membranophone within the larger category of percussion instruments (percussion instrument)). Basically, a drum is either a tube or a bowl of wood, metal, or pottery (the “shell”) covered at one or both ends by a membrane (the “head”), which is usually struck by a hand or stick. Friction drums (friction drum), a class apart, are sounded by rubbing.

      (To hear audio clips of a variety of drums, see bass drum, changgo, snare drum, tambourine, tenor drum, and timpani.)

      Tubular drums assume many shapes (goblet, hourglass, barrel, etc.) and are considered shallow if the height is less than the diameter. If the drum is so shallow that the shell cannot act as a resonator for the sound (as in a tambourine), it is considered a frame drum.

 Drums appear with wide geographic distribution in archaeological excavations from Neolithic times onward; one excavated in Moravia is dated at 6000 BC. Early drums consisted of a section of hollowed tree trunk covered at one end with reptile or fish skin and were struck with the hands. Later, the skin was taken from hunted game or cattle, and sticks were used. The double-headed drum came later, as did pottery drums in various shapes. The heads were fastened by several methods, some still in use. The skin might be secured to single-headed drums by pegs, nails, glue, buttoning (through holes in the membrane), or neck lacing (wrapping a cord around the membrane overlap). Double-headed drums were often directly cord-tensioned (i.e., through holes in the skin). Modern European orchestral drums often combine two hoops pressing against each head (one rolled in the skin, the other outside) with indirect lacing (i.e., to the hoops).

 Drums typically have conspicuous extramusical functions—civil, message transmitting, and, particularly, religious. Credited with magical powers, they are frequently held sacred. In many societies their manufacture involves ritual. In East Africa, offerings such as cattle are made to the royal kettledrums, which not only symbolize the king's power and status but also offer him supernatural protection.

 Giant frame drums were used in the temples of ancient Sumer, and Mesopotamian objects from about 3000 BC depict frame drums and small cylindrical drums played horizontally and vertically. Early Egyptian (art and architecture, Egyptian) artifacts (c. 4000 BC) show a drum with skins stretched by a network of thongs. A waisted, or hourglass, drum is seen on one of the Bharhut reliefs (Bharhut sculpture), the oldest Indian temple reliefs (2nd century BC). The modern Indian damaru is an hourglass-shaped clapper drum (clapper)—when it is twisted its heads are struck by the ends of one or two cords attached to the shell. Barrel and shallow-nailed drums are particularly associated with India and East Asia; notable are the taiko drums of Japan, made in various sizes and with nailed or rope-lashed heads.

 Frame drums were played in the ancient Middle East (chiefly by women), Greece, and Rome and reached medieval Europe through Islamic culture. Their shape varies (round, octagonal, square, etc.), they may have one or two heads, and they may have attached jingles or snares. Possibly of different origin are the frame drums used in the magico-religious ceremonies of shamans (shamanism) (a priest or priestess who uses magic for the purpose of curing the sick, divining the hidden, and controlling events) in Central Asia, the Arctic regions, and North America. Double-headed frame drums with enclosed pellets (found in India and Tibet Autonomous Region of China) are known as rattle drums.

      Shallow kettledrums (kettledrum) are first depicted about 600 AD in Persia. Larger kettledrums, mentioned with the smaller type in the 10th century, are not pictured alone until the 12th. Though originally of clay and cord braced, kettledrums were later made of metal (or sometimes wood). They spread with Islamic culture through Europe, Africa, and Asia.

      Little is known about medieval European drums and drumming, the only evidence being pictures and written references; no medieval drums survive. Written percussion parts (in instruction books only) date from the 16th century, as drummers were expected to extemporize their parts. By the 13th century, three types of drum appear to have been established: the nakers (naker), small paired kettledrums; the tab, a small cylindrical drum, often with snares; and the tambourine. They apparently served only as time beaters and, except for the tambourine, were beaten with sticks. Only from about the 14th century were drums built to produce loud, carrying sounds, a result of the introduction of mercenary infantry troops, in whose regiments fifes (fife) were soon paired with drums. Large kettledrums were associated with royalty and nobility. They entered the orchestra as a purely musical instrument in the mid-17th century, the bass drum (derived from the long drums of Turkish Janissary troops) during the 18th century, and the military-derived snare drum (side drum) during the 19th.

 Drums figure prominently in the 21st century in numerous musical genres around the world. The word drum is sometimes used for nonmembrane struck instruments, such as steel drums (steel drum), bronze drums, and slit drums (slit drum) (made of hollowed wood).
 

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Universalium. 2010.

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  • drum — DRUM, drumuri, s.n. 1. Cale de comunicaţie terestră, alcătuită dintr o bandă îngustă şi continuă de teren bătătorit, pietruit, pavat sau asfaltat. ♢ Drumul mare = şosea de mare circulaţie, care leagă localităţi principale. Hoţ (sau tâlhar) de… …   Dicționar Român

  • drum — drum1 or drumfish [drum′fish΄drum] n. [< Du trom, akin to MLowG trumme, drum, OHG trumba, of echoic orig.] 1. a) a percussion instrument consisting of a hollow cylinder or hemisphere with a membrane stretched tightly over the end or ends,… …   English World dictionary

  • Drum — Drum, n. [Cf. D. trom, trommel, LG. trumme, G. trommel, Dan. tromme, Sw. trumma, OHG. trumba a trumpet, Icel. pruma a clap of thunder, and as a verb, to thunder, Dan. drum a booming sound, drumme to boom; prob. partly at least of imitative… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Drum — Drum, v. t. 1. To execute on a drum, as a tune. [1913 Webster] 2. (With out) To expel ignominiously, with beat of drum; as, to drum out a deserter or rogue from a camp, etc. [1913 Webster] 3. (With up) To assemble by, or as by, beat of drum; to… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • DRUM — kann sein: der englische Begriff für „Trommel“, sowohl im geometrischen als auch im musikalischen Sinn; ein komplettes Schlagzeug wird dagegen als drums oder drumkit bezeichnet die Bildtrommel in einem Laserdrucker oder Fotokopierer der Titel… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Drum — kann sein: der englische Begriff für „Trommel“, sowohl im geometrischen als auch im musikalischen Sinn; ein komplettes Schlagzeug wird dagegen als drums oder drumkit bezeichnet die Bildtrommel in einem Laserdrucker oder Fotokopierer frühes… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • drum — ► NOUN 1) a percussion instrument with a skin stretched across a rounded frame, sounded by being struck with sticks or the hands. 2) a cylindrical object or part, especially a container. 3) a sound made by or resembling that of a drum. 4) Austral …   English terms dictionary

  • Drum — Drum, v. i. [imp. & p. p. {Drummed}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Drumming}.] 1. To beat a drum with sticks; to beat or play a tune on a drum. [1913 Webster] 2. To beat with the fingers, as with drumsticks; to beat with a rapid succession of strokes; to make …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Drum (EP) — Drum EP by Local H Released 1991 Recorded …   Wikipedia

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  • drum — drəm n TYMPANIC MEMBRANE * * * (drum) membrana tympanica …   Medical dictionary

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